Main indicators of product quality. Indicators of product quality, their meaning and classification Indicators of product quality by characterized properties

A quantitative assessment of the properties of a product that characterize its quality is given by quality indicators, which can be conditionally combined into a number of groups (see figure).

Production and technical indicators include those that characterize the product during the production process. These are labor intensity and material intensity, reflecting, respectively, the costs of labor and materials for the manufacture of a unit of product; the level of standardization and unification, showing the degree of use of standard and unified Parts, assemblies, etc. in a given product, product compliance with certain standards and technical conditions, as well as indicators of product manufacturability. These, depending on its purpose, may include the degree of complexity of installation and assembly, simplicity and cost-effectiveness of maintenance, the size of waste, the progressiveness of the processing methods used, etc.

Performance indicators characterize this product under specific operating conditions. These indicators include: purpose, reliability, efficiency, transportability, ergonomics and aesthetics.

Destination indicators— these are power, productivity, speed, load capacity, speed, efficiency and a number of others that characterize the specific return from using a particular product for its intended purpose.

Reliability— the property of a product to perform specified functions, maintaining its performance within certain limits during the analyzed period. The reliability of the product is determined by its reliability, maintainability and durability.

Reliability refers to the ability of a product to remain operational for a specified period of time. Maintainability is characterized by the ability to quickly detect, eliminate or prevent failures and malfunctions in equipment operation.

Storability— the property of a product to maintain specified performance indicators during the storage and transportation period established in the technical documentation.

Durability- this is the period of time during which the product corresponds to its intended purpose under given operating conditions.

Transportability indicators determine the average duration and labor intensity of preparing products for transportation, installing them on a means of transportation, etc.

Ergonomics means that each product must be made in such a way that it is comfortable and safe for a person to work with it. Recently, the aesthetics of manufactured products, that is, originality, expressiveness, harmony, and compliance with the environment, has become increasingly important.

Cost indicators characterize the costs associated with the development and production of products of a given quality. This is its cost and price. The lower the cost of the product, the more profit the enterprise will receive, which will expand the possibilities of financially incentivizing those workers who rationally use materials, raw materials, fuel, and increase labor productivity.

The primary task of each work team is to produce products at the level of the best world and domestic samples. This is possible due to the widespread introduction of advanced equipment and technology, scientific organization of labor and production, increasing the interest and responsibility of each employee in the production of high-quality products.

Among the technical and technological factors for improving product quality, the creation and implementation of high-performance technological equipment and the constant improvement of its quality indicators are of paramount importance. The use of chemical and electrophysical processing methods, atomic and quantum technology, laser and ultrasound, magnetic field and plasma is especially effective.

A quality indicator is a quantitative expression of one or more characteristics or properties of an object in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation.

Measures aimed at improving product quality must be comprehensive and cover measures to improve the quality of raw materials and starting materials, improve technology, and after-sales service.

Methods for quantitative assessment of quality indicators constitute the content of the science of qualimetry, which deals with the development of rules and techniques for collecting and processing data when determining quantitative indicators.

In qualimetry, methods of mathematical statistics are widely used, which explains the probabilistic nature of many quality indicators.

Product quality indicators, depending on the objectives of assessing its level, are classified:

P about the application– basic, single.

The basic indicator is the quality of the product, taken as the initial one in comparative assessments. A relative indicator is an indicator that represents the ratio of a single indicator of product quality to the corresponding basic indicator, and the determining indicator is the indicator of product quality by which its quality is assessed. The most widely used in the practice of assessing the quality level are single indicators related to one of the properties (characteristics) of quality products. Single indicators are easy to compare and control. Let's consider the classification of single indicators.

All individual indicators are divided into economic and technical, and the latter, in turn, are divided into operational and production-technological.

Performance indicators include:

Destination indicators;

Reliability indicators;

Ergonomic indicators;

Aesthetic indicators;

Environmental indicators;

Patent and legal indicators;

Production and technological indicators include the following:

• labor intensity,
• material consumption,
• energy intensity,
• standardization and unification
• blockiness.

Economic indicators include capital investment in production, capital investment in operation, unit cost of production, selling or market price.

Indicators of purpose characterize the degree of compliance of the object with its intended purpose, design, and resistance to external influences. These include, for example, the efficiency of the machine, productivity, power consumption, degree of automation, etc.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the “machine-human” system as a whole and take into account the anthropometric, biomechanical, engineering and psychological properties of a person that manifest themselves during the operation of an object or in the production process.

The requirements of technical aesthetics are characterized by the compositional integrity of the form, the functional expediency of the form (for example, streamlining), and the presentation of the object.

Patent legal indicators characterize the number and weight of new inventions and patents implemented in the object. The patent purity of an object today is an important factor in the competitiveness of products in international markets.

A set of individual production and technological indicators directly determines the amount of production costs in the cost of production, and therefore the economic indicators of its quality.

Various types of products can be characterized by the following quality indicators:

• indicators of purpose that determine the properties of the product and its scope of application, as well as the functions for which it is intended;
• indicators of reliability and durability;
• indicators of manufacturability, characterizing the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products;
• ergonomic indicators;
• indicators of standardization and unification, characterizing the degree of use of standardized products in products and the level of unification of the component parts of the product;
• patent legal indicators characterizing the degree of patent protection of a product in Russia and abroad;
• economic indicators reflecting the costs of development, manufacturing and operation or consumption of products, as well as the economic efficiency of operation;
• safety indicators.

Product quality indicator (GOST 15467-79) is a quantitative characteristic of one or more properties of a product that make up its quality, considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation or consumption.

Quality indicators must meet the following basic requirements:

Contribute to ensuring that product quality meets the needs of the economy and population;

Be stable;

Take into account modern achievements of science and technology, the main directions of the technical process and the world market;

Characterize all the properties of the product that determine its quality;

Be measurable at all stages of the product life cycle (marketing, design, manufacturing, operation or application).

GOST 22851-77 establishes the following nomenclature of the main 10 groups of quality indicators according to the product properties they characterize. Each of the indicators is subdivided into several other indicators, which make it possible to more accurately reveal their essence.

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of the product, defining the main functions for which it is intended, and determine the scope of its application and are divided into:

Classification indicators that establish whether products belong to a classification group (car classes, instrument accuracy, etc.);

Functional (operational), characterizing the useful result from the operation of products (computer speed, mill productivity, accuracy of the measuring device, etc.);

Constructive, giving an accurate idea of ​​the main design solutions of products (diesel, gasoline, electric engines, etc.);

Indicators of composition and structure that determine the content of chemical elements and their compounds in products (percentage of sulfur and ash in coke, etc.). Indicators of this group play a major role in assessing the level of quality; they are often used as optimization criteria and are used in conjunction with other types of indicators.

Reliability indicators:

Reliability is the property of a product to remain operational for some time or operating time.

Durability is the ability of a product to maintain performance to its limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair.

Maintainability is the ability of a product to be repaired.

Storability is the property of products and products to maintain a serviceable and usable condition during the storage and transportation period established in the technical documentation, as well as after it.

For example, transportability indicators characterize the adaptability of a product to transportation that is not accompanied by its use or consumption. Determined by experimental, calculation or expert methods. For example, an indicator of the suitability of products for maintaining consumer properties during transportation, it is reflected in the norms of natural loss for certain types of products (glass, cement, etc.)

Ergonomic indicators characterize the “person-product” system and take into account the complex of human properties manifested in production and household processes:

Psychophysiological characteristics characterize the adaptability of the product to the human senses.

Psychological ones characterize the ability to perceive and process various information.

Physiological ones characterize permissible physical loads on various human organs.

They also include hygienic (lighting, temperature, pressure, humidity), anthropometric (clothing, shoes, furniture, control panels) and psychophysiological (speed and power capabilities, thresholds of hearing, vision, etc.).

Aesthetic indicators characterize informational expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production execution, stability of presentation (characteristics of artistic styles, shades, smells, harmony, etc.).

Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of products that determine the optimal distribution of costs of materials, time and labor during technical preparation of production, manufacturing and operation of products. These are indicators of labor intensity, material and capital intensity, and product cost. Both general (total) and structural, specific, comparative or relative indicators are calculated.

Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, standardized and original parts, as well as the level of unification with other products.

The main indicators of unification are the coefficients of applicability, repeatability, mutual unification for groups of products, the proportion of original parts (assemblies). All parts of products manufactured in accordance with state and industry standards are standard.

Patent legal indicators characterize the degree of updating of technical solutions used in products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in our country and abroad (the number or proportion of patented or licensed parts (assemblies), etc.).

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment that arise during the operation or consumption of products. For example: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment, the likelihood of the release of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and use of products, the level of maximum permissible concentrations.

Safety indicators characterize the features of a product that determine human safety during its operation or consumption. They reflect the requirements for standards and means of protecting people in a zone of possible danger in the event of an emergency, and are provided for by the system of state standards for occupational safety, as well as international standards.

Economic indicators characterize the costs of development, production, operation or consumption of products, taken into account in the integral indicator of product quality (various types of costs, cost, price, etc.), when comparing various product samples - technical and economic indicators.

Product quality is a concept that characterizes the parametric, operational, consumer, technological, design properties of a product, the level of its standardization and unification, reliability and durability. There are general, individual and indirect indicators of product quality.

General indicators characterize the quality of all manufactured products, regardless of their type and purpose:

the share of new products in the total volume of its output;

share of products of the highest quality category;

weighted average product score;

average grade coefficient;

the share of certified and non-certified products;

share of certified products;

share of products that meet international standards;

the share of exported products, including to highly developed industrial countries.

Individual (single) product quality indicators characterize one of its properties:

usefulness (fat content of milk, ash content of coal, iron content in ore, protein content in food products);

reliability (durability, trouble-free operation);

manufacturability, i.e. efficiency of design and technological solutions (labor intensity, energy intensity);

aesthetics of products.

Indirect indicators are fines for low-quality products, the volume and share of rejected products, the share of advertised products, losses from defects, etc.

An indirect indicator of product quality is defects. It is divided into correctable and incorrigible, internal (identified at the enterprise) and external (identified by consumers). The release of defects leads to an increase in production costs, a decrease in the volume of marketable and sold products, a decrease in profits and profitability. In the process of analysis, the dynamics of defects is studied in terms of absolute amount and share in the total output of commercial products, and losses from defects are determined.

Then the reasons for the decrease in quality and defective products are studied at the places of their occurrence and responsibility centers, and measures are developed to eliminate them. The main reasons for the decrease in product quality are poor quality of raw materials, low level of technology and organization of production, qualifications of workers, arrhythmic production, etc.

Thus, an important indicator of the activity of industrial enterprises is the quality of products. On the one hand, all departments of the enterprise are, to a greater or lesser extent, responsible for the quality of compliance of goods with the project, on the other hand, each product has a number of quality indicators that can be measured and controlled. Each of these quality indicators can be controlled. Therefore, the main goal at enterprises is to study the dynamics of the listed indicators, the implementation of the plan according to their level, the reasons for their changes, and evaluate the implementation of the plan according to the level of product quality.

The choice of quality indicators establishes a list of names of quantitative characteristics of product properties that are part of its quality and provide an assessment of the level of product quality.

The justification for choosing a range of quality indicators is made taking into account:

purpose and conditions of use of products;

analysis of consumer requirements;

product quality management tasks;

composition and structure of characterized properties;

basic requirements for quality indicators.

The main directions for determining the composition and structure of the characterized properties are reflected in the classification of indicators used in assessing the level of product quality.

By characterized properties They may be single And comprehensive(group, generalized, integral).

By way of expression they may be in natural units (kilograms, meters, points, dimensionless), as well as in cost units.

According to quality level assessment - basic, relative indicators.

By stage of determination - forecasted, design, production, operational indicators.

By characterized properties The following groups of indicators are used: appointments; economical use raw materials, materials, fuel and energy; reliability(reliability, durability, maintainability, maintainability); ergonomic, aesthetic; technological; transportability; standardization And unification; patent law; environmental; security.

Quality indicators must meet the following basic requirements :

help ensure that product quality meets the needs of the national economy and population;

be stable;

contribute to a systematic increase in production efficiency;

take into account modern achievements of science and technology and the main directions of technical progress in sectors of the national economy;

characterize all the properties of a product that determine its suitability to meet certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

The procedure for selecting a range of product quality indicators involves determining:

type of product group;

the purposes of using the nomenclature of product quality indicators, the initial nomenclature of groups of quality indicators;

the initial nomenclature of quality indicators for each group;

method for selecting a range of quality indicators.

The type (group) of products is established on the basis of interindustry and sectoral documents that classify products according to purpose and conditions of use.

The goals of using the nomenclature of product quality indicators are established in accordance with the objectives of product quality management. Depending on the specific features of the product and the conditions of its manufacture and use, some of the indicated groups of product quality indicators may be absent. If necessary, additional groups of indicators specific to the products in question are introduced.

Purpose indicators characterize the properties of a product, determining the main functions for which it is intended to perform, and determine the scope of its application. For products of mechanical engineering and instrument making, electrical engineering and other indicators of purpose characterize the useful work performed by the product.

For conveyors of different types, the purpose indicators are productivity, length and height of transportation, etc.; for measuring instruments - accuracy indicators, measurement limits, etc.

To the group destination indicators include the following subgroups: classification, functional And technical efficiency, constructive, and composition And structures.

Classification indicators characterize whether a product belongs to a certain classification group. TO classification indicators, for example, include: electric motor power; excavator bucket capacity; gear ratio; tensile strength of cardboard for shoes; carbon content in steel, etc.

Indicators of functional and technical efficiency characterize the beneficial effect of the operation or consumption of products and the progressiveness of technical solutions incorporated into the product. These indicators for technical objects are called operational.

TO indicators of functional and technical efficiency relate:

an indicator of machine productivity that determines the number of products manufactured over a certain period;

indicator of the accuracy and speed of operation of the measuring device;

indicator of fabric accuracy for garments;

specific energy intensity of an electric fireplace, determined by electricity consumption per unit of heat generated;

indicator of waterproofness of fabric for a raincoat;

calorie content of food products, etc.

Design indicators characterize the main design solutions, ease of installation and installation of products, the possibility of their aggregation and interchangeability.

For products for which design documentation has been developed, the use of design indicators when assessing the quality level is mandatory.

To constructive indicators, for example, include: overall dimensions; connecting dimensions; the presence of additional devices, for example, the presence of a signal and a calendar in a wristwatch, etc.

Indicators of composition and structure characterize the content of chemical elements or structural groups in products.

To indicators of composition and structure, for example, include:

mass fraction of components (alloying additives) in steel;

concentration of various impurities in acids;

mass fraction of sulfur and ash in coke;

mass fraction of sugar, salt in food products, etc.

Indicators of economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy characterize the properties of a product, reflecting its technical excellence in terms of the level or degree of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy consumed by it.

Such indicators in the manufacture and operation of products, for example, include:

specific consumption of main types of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy (per unit of the main quality indicator);

specific gravity of the product (per unit of the main quality indicator);

coefficient of utilization of material resources - the ratio of useful consumption to the cost of producing a unit of output;

efficiency, etc.

Reliability indicators. Reliability is one of the main properties of industrial products. The complexity and intensity of operating modes of various products is constantly increasing, and the responsibility of the functions performed is increasing. The more important the functions, the higher the reliability requirements should be. Insufficient reliability of machines and devices leads to high costs for repairs and maintaining their operability in operation. The reliability of products largely depends on operating conditions: temperature, humidity, mechanical loads, pressure, radiation, etc.

Terms and definitions in the field of reliability refer to technical objects, which are understood as an object of a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, research and reliability testing, handling, and operation. Objects can be products, systems and their elements, in particular, structures, installations, devices, machines, equipment, devices and their parts, assemblies and individual parts.

Reliability - this is the property of an object to preserve over time, within established limits, the values ​​of all parameters that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in given modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation. The reliability of an object, depending on the purpose and conditions of its use, includes failure-free operation, durability, maintainability and storability. For specific objects and the conditions of their operation, these properties have different relative importance. For example, for some non-repairable objects the main property is non-failure operation, for those being repaired - maintainability. Parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions include kinematic And dynamic options, indicators of operational accuracy, productivity, speed And. etc. Over time, the values ​​of these parameters may change. When changes exceed permissible limits, the object goes into an inoperable state. The reliability of an object is assessed quantitatively using indicators that are selected and determined taking into account the characteristics of the object, the modes and conditions of its operation and the consequences of failures.

Reliability - the property of an object to continuously maintain an operational state for some time or some operating time.

Reliability indicators include: probability of failure-free operation; mean time between failures; failure rate; failure flow parameter.

Durability - the property of an object to maintain an operational state until a limit state occurs with an established maintenance and repair system. An object can go into a limiting state while remaining operational if, for example, its use becomes unacceptable according to the requirements of safety, efficiency and harmlessness. TO durability indicators include: average resource; resource between medium (overhaul) repairs; resource before write-off, average service life, etc.

Maintainability - property of an object, which consists in its adaptability to preventing and detecting the causes of failures, damage and maintaining and restoring an operational state through maintenance and repairs.

Maintainability is affected by the design features of machines, mechanisms and components; access to control units and adjustment points; completeness of accompanying documentation. Maintainability is closely related to constructability and manufacturability. TO maintainability indicators include: the likelihood of restoration to a working state; average time to restore working condition; average labor intensity of repair and maintenance.

Storability - the property of an object to maintain the values ​​of indicators of reliability, durability and maintainability during and after storage or transportation. The main indicator of shelf life is the average shelf life.

Shelf life - this is the calendar duration of storage or transportation of an object, during and after which the values ​​of reliability, durability and maintainability indicators are maintained within established limits. Indicators of the persistence of technical objects include the gamma percentage shelf life, i.e. the shelf life achieved with a given gamma probability, expressed as a percentage. The preservation of materials, products and substances is mainly associated with changes in their physicochemical properties.

The preservation of an object is characterized by its ability to withstand the negative impact of conditions and duration of storage and transportation on its reliability, maintainability and durability. Storability is presented in the form of two components, one manifests itself during storage, and the other during use of the object after storage or transportation.

It is obvious that long-term storage and transportation under the required conditions for many objects can negatively affect not only their behavior during storage or transportation, but also during the subsequent use of the object. The second component of preservation is essential. It is necessary to distinguish between the preservation of an object before commissioning and the preservation of an object during operation during interruptions in work. In the second case, the shelf life is included in the service life.

Depending on the characteristics and purpose of the object, its shelf life before commissioning may include the shelf life in packaging or in preserved form, the installation period and the shelf life in another packaged or preserved, more complex object.

The reliability indicator quantitatively characterizes one or more properties that make up the reliability of an object. The reliability indicator may have a dimension (for example, time between failures) or not (for example, the probability of failure-free operation). Reliability indicators can be single or complex. Unit reliability indicator characterizes one of the properties, A complex - several properties, making up the reliability of the object.

Examples of single reliability indicators: time between failures of a radio receiver, characterizing its reliability; gamma percentage life of the car before major repairs, characterizing its durability; the average time to restore the radio receiver to an operational state, characterizing its maintainability; the designated shelf life of the battery, characterizing its shelf life.

A comprehensive reliability indicator quantitatively characterizes at least two main components, for example, reliability and maintainability. An example of a complex reliability indicator is availability factor, the value of which in some cases is determined by the formula:

Where T-product time between failures (failure-free operation indicator);

TV- average recovery time (repairability indicator).

It is clear from the formula that the availability factor simultaneously characterizes two different properties of an object - reliability and maintainability.

Ergonomic indicators characterize the convenience and comfort of consumption (operation) of a product at the stages of the functional process in the “person-product-environment of use” system.

The development and complication of technology required optimal coordination of product designs with human performance characteristics. This is how the science of ergonomics arose, which deals with the comprehensive study and design of work activities to optimize products, working conditions and processes. The environment of use is understood as the space in which a person carries out functional activities, for example, a tractor cabin, a passenger car interior, a workshop room, etc.

The effectiveness of human interaction with a product can be characterized, for example, by indicators of productivity, accuracy, error-free operation, and human fatigue. Increasing the efficiency of human interaction with a product is achieved by improving working conditions.

The classification and nomenclature of economic indicators includes:

1. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for working posture, reach zones, hand grip, including compliance of the product and its elements:

the size and shape of the human body and its parts;

distribution of human body weight.

2. Indicators characterizing the degree of compliance of the product with ergonomic requirements for the volume and speed of human working movements, its strength, conditions for receiving, processing and issuing information, including indicators of product compliance:

strength, energy and speed capabilities of a person;

the capabilities of the human visual organs, the size, shape, brightness, contrast, color and spatial position of the object of observation;

the capabilities of the human hearing organs containing sources of sound information;

the capabilities of the human taste and smell organs;

tactile capabilities of a person.

3. Indicators characterizing the degree of product compliance with ergonomic requirements for means of information interaction between a person and a product, as well as the formation of skills, including indicators of product compliance management:

human capabilities for perception, storage and processing of information;

fixed and newly formed human skills (taking into account the ease and speed of their formation).

4. Indicators characterizing the direct influence of the environment of use and the indirect influence of the product through the environment on the efficiency of human activity:

level of microclimatic factors (temperature, humidity, pressure):

lighting characteristics;

noise, vibration and overload levels;

radiation level;

level of mobility and changeability of air flow;

air mixture composition;

level of intensity of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic fields.

An ergonomic product quality indicator quantitatively characterizes one or more ergonomic properties of a product used to determine its compliance with ergonomic requirements. An example of an ergonomic indicator is the force on the handle of a mechanism. The set of ergonomic indicators may change as scientific and technological progress develops, new properties of the products being evaluated are identified and studied.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the aesthetic properties of products: informational expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production execution.

Information expressiveness is determined by the shape of the product and is characterized by such single quality indicators as iconicity, originality, style compliance, and fashion compliance. The iconicity of a product influences social and aesthetic ideas and perceptions of society. The presence of originality, originality and other characteristics in the form of products distinguishes this product from similar ones and at the same time corresponds to the main compositional design. The correspondence of stable features of the form to the level of social and cultural development of consumers is determined by the indicator of the quality of style matching. The property inherent in the product and reflecting the existing aesthetic views of society is characterized by an indicator of compliance with fashion. It should be borne in mind that fashion and views on the artistic forms of products are very changeable.

The rationality of the form is expressed by indicators of functional-constructive fitness and expediency. Functional and constructive adaptability is associated with the reflection in the form of a product of the functions it performs, design solutions, features of manufacturing technology and materials used.

The integrity of the composition, which characterizes the relationship between the compositional properties of the product, includes the following quality indicators: organization of the volumetric-spatial structure, tectonicity, plasticity, graphic detailing of the form and elements, color scheme. The organization of the volumetric-spatial structure expresses how fully the laws of logic are used in the form of the product. This quality indicator can also take into account proportions, scale, rhythm and other constructive and artistic means of product composition. The actual structure of the product and its design solutions, reflected in the form, are assessed by the tectonicity indicator. Plasticity determines the expressiveness of the volumetric and elemental form of a product. The specificity of the outlines of the volumetric and elemental form is expressed by the indicator of the graphic depiction of the form, and the relationship and combination of colors of the product is expressed by the color scheme.

The perfection of the production execution of a product is determined by the following quality indicators: thoroughness of coating and surface finishing; cleanliness of joints, roundings and mating surfaces; the clarity of the execution of brand names, signs, packaging and accompanying documentation, i.e. these indicators characterize the presentation of the product.

The assessment of aesthetic quality indicators of specific product samples is carried out by an expert commission. The criterion for aesthetic evaluation is a ranked (reference) series of products of a similar class and purpose, compiled by experts on the basis of basic samples submitted to the commission by the manufacturer and selected by experts.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of the composition and structure or design of a product, which determine its adaptability to achieving optimal costs in production, operation and restoration for given values ​​of product quality indicators, the volume of its output and the conditions of work.

TO manufacturability indicators include: specific labor intensity of product manufacturing; specific material consumption of the product; material utilization rate; specific energy intensity of the product; average one-time operational labor intensity of maintenance (repair) of this type; average one-time operational duration of maintenance (repair) of this type, etc.

Specific labor intensity of product manufacturing determined by the formula:

Where T- total labor intensity of manufacturing products;

IN - determining parameter of the product.

Total labor intensity calculated by the formula:

Where t1 - labor intensity for individual workshops, areas or types of work included in the technological process of manufacturing a given product;

k - number of workshops, sections or types of work.

Specific material consumption of products determined by the formula:

Where M- total material consumption of products;

IN - defining parameter of the product.

Total material consumption of products determined by the formula:

An important indicator of manufacturability, characterizing the efficiency of using material resources in the manufacture of products, is material utilization rate and is determined by the formula:

K i. m=Mg/Mv

Where Mg- quantity (weight) of material in the finished product, kg;

MV - quantity (mass) of material introduced into the technological process, kg.

The need for a quantitative assessment of the manufacturability of product design, as well as the range of indicators and the methodology for their determination, are established depending on the type of product, type of production and stage of development of design documentation by industry standards or enterprise standards.

The number of indicators should be minimal, but sufficient to assess manufacturability.

Transportability indicators characterize the adaptability of products to transportation without using or consuming them.

Transportability indicators include:

average duration of preparation of products for transportation;

average labor intensity of preparing products for transportation;

the average duration of installation of products on a vehicle of a certain type;

coefficient of utilization of the volume of the means of transportation;

the average duration of unloading a batch of products from a certain type of transportation means.

Preparatory operations preceding transportation include packaging, sealing, loading, depreciation, installation, securing, etc. Preparation for transportation of products may also contain some operations for preparing the corresponding vehicles.

Transportation costs include costs associated with the operation of vehicles and operations to care for products during transportation.

Final operations include unloading the product, unpacking it, etc. This may also include some operations to transfer vehicles to their original state.

Transportability is most fully and comprehensively assessed by cost indicators that allow one to simultaneously take into account material and labor costs, qualifications and the number of people involved in transportation work, as well as the time factor.

To assess transportability indicators, it is necessary to have initial data characterizing the transportation process, such as: mass and volume of a unit of product, indicators of physical and mechanical properties, overall dimensions of the product, indicators of product preservation, maximum permissible values ​​of transportation modes (maximum speed of transport, inertial overloads and etc.), norms of loading and unloading operations, the coefficient of the maximum possible use of the capacity or carrying capacity of a vehicle when transporting a given product, the susceptibility of transported goods to thermal and mechanical external influences, etc.

Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment that arise during the operation or consumption of products.

When choosing environmental indicators, requirements must be reflected, the fulfillment of which ensures the maintenance of rational interaction between human activity and the environment, as well as the prevention of direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of operation or consumption of products on nature.

Accounting for environmental indicators should ensure:

limiting the flow of industrial, transport and domestic wastewater and emissions into the natural environment to reduce the content of pollutants in the atmosphere, natural waters and soils to quantities not exceeding maximum permissible concentrations;

conservation and rational use of biological resources;

the possibility of reproduction of wild animals and maintaining their habitat conditions in a favorable condition;

preservation of the geophone of flora and fauna, including rare and endangered species.

To justify the need to take into account environmental indicators when assessing the quality of products, an analysis of the processes of its operation or consumption is carried out to identify the possibility of chemical, mechanical, light, sound, biological, radiation and other impacts on the natural environment. When identifying the harmful effects of these factors on nature, a group of environmental indicators must be included in the range of indicators used to assess the level of product quality.

TO environmental performance include: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment; the likelihood of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation, operation or consumption of products.

When assessing the level of product quality taking into account environmental indicators, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements (standards) for environmental protection. These requirements and standards are determined by:

accepted international technical regulations and standards;

a system of state standards in the field of protection and improvement of the use of natural resources and other regulatory documents in this area.

Safety indicators characterize product features that ensure human safety (operating personnel) during operation or consumption of products, installation, maintenance, repair, storage, transportation from mechanical, electrical, thermal influences, toxic and explosive vapors, acoustic noise, radioactive radiation, etc. .

Safety indicators must reflect the requirements that determine measures and means of human protection in an emergency situation that is not authorized and not provided for by the operating rules in a zone of possible danger.

To characterize the dispersion of actual values ​​of a certain quality indicator among different units of the same type of product, homogeneity indicators are used, which are used to assess the stability of quality indicators in conditions of mass and serial production of products.

The better the production is organized, the more homogeneous the raw materials and components used, the more stable the production conditions, including climatic ones, the smaller the spread of possible values ​​of quality indicators characterizing the product.

TO homogeneity indicators , for example, include: standard deviation of quality indicator values, scope- the difference between the maximum and minimum results.

When assessing the level of product quality, it is necessary to take into account economic indicators characterizing the costs of development, production, operation or consumption of products.

Examples of economic indicators are the costs of manufacturing and testing prototypes, the cost of manufacturing products, and the costs of consumables during the operation of technical facilities.

Economic indicators are a special type of indicators for assessing the level of product quality, since they are practically interconnected with all classification groups of indicators (purpose, reliability, manufacturability, etc.).

The national economic effect of improving the quality of products is determined by summing up the total savings over the entire service life that the use of products of improved quality and savings in their production gives in the national economy.

2. Reliability indicators characterize the properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and storage.

Reliability – the property of a product to remain operational for some time or operating time.

Durability – the property of a product to maintain operability up to its limit state with the necessary breaks for maintenance and repair.

Maintainability– the ability of the product to be repaired.

Storability – the property of products and products to maintain a serviceable and usable condition during the storage and transportation period established in the technical documentation, as well as after it.

For example, indicators transportability characterize the adaptability of products to transportation that is not accompanied by its use or consumption. Determined by experimental, calculation or expert methods. For example, the indicator of the suitability of products for maintaining consumer properties during transportation is reflected in the norms of natural loss for certain types of products (glass, cement, etc.).

K d – the share of products that retain their original properties within specified limits during transportation, %;

Q p – quantity of products loaded into the vehicle;

Q in – the quantity of unloaded products that maintained the values ​​of quality indicators within acceptable limits.

3. Ergonomic indicators characterize the “person-product” system and take into account the complex of human properties manifested in production and everyday processes. These include hygienic(light, temperature, pressure, humidity), anthropometric(clothes, shoes, furniture, control panels) and psychophysiological(speed and power capabilities, thresholds of hearing, vision, etc.).

Psychophysiological characterize the adaptability of the product to the human senses.

Psychological characterize the ability to perceive and process various information.

Physiological characterize permissible physical loads on various human organs.

4. Aesthetic indicators characterize information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of composition, perfection of production execution, stability of presentation (characteristics of artistic styles, shades, smells, harmony, etc.).

5. Manufacturability indicators characterize the properties of products that determine the optimal distribution of costs of materials, time and labor during technical preparation of production, manufacturing and operation of products. These are indicators of labor intensity, material and capital intensity, and product cost. Both general (total) and structural, specific, comparative or relative indicators are calculated. Relative indicators are, for example:

– material utilization rate

M g – amount of material in the finished product;

M in – the amount of material introduced into the technological process;

– unit cost indicator

Ssp – unit cost;

S – total cost of the product;

B is the defining parameter of the product (power, weight, etc.).

6. Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, standardized and original parts, as well as the level of unification with other products.

The main indicators of unification are the coefficients of applicability, repeatability, mutual unification for groups of products, the proportion of original parts (assemblies). All parts of products manufactured in accordance with state and industry standards are standard.

7. Patent and legal indicators characterize the degree of updating of technical solutions used in products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in our country and abroad (the number or proportion of patented or licensed parts (assemblies), etc.).

8. Environmental indicators characterize the level of harmful effects on the environment arising from the operation or consumption of products. For example: the content of harmful impurities released into the environment, the likelihood of the release of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and use of products, the level of maximum permissible concentrations.

9. Safety indicators characterize the features of the product that determine human safety during its operation or consumption. They reflect the requirements for standards and means of protecting people in a zone of possible danger in the event of an emergency, and are provided for by the system of state standards for occupational safety, as well as international standards.

10. Economic indicators characterize the costs of development, production, operation or consumption of products, taken into account in the integral indicator of product quality (various types of costs, cost, price, etc.), when comparing different product samples - technical and economic indicators.

Table 2.1 provides an example of the use of some basic indicators for products that are consumed during use and consume their resources.

Table 2.1

Applicability of some product quality indicators by type

the “+” sign means applicability, the “-” sign means non-applicability, the “(+)” sign means limited applicability of certain groups of this type of product.

Product quality management, as can be seen from the history of its development, is not just monitoring quality parameters and the causes of their deviations - it is a management activity that covers the product life cycle, systematically ensuring strategic and operational processes for improving product quality and the functioning of the quality management system itself.

From the fundamentals of management it is known that the division of labor, as production relations developed, led to the identification of specific labor processes - management processes. Management (governance) is the influence of one person or group of persons (managers) on other persons to induce actions consistent with achieving set goals, provided that managers accept responsibility for the effectiveness of the influence. The commonality of management tasks makes it possible to formulate its general laws, and the analysis and generalization of management practice makes it possible, based on laws, to specify the content of management within the framework of the science of management (management).

In general, the structure and processes of management can be represented as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1 Enlarged composition of the management system

Management as a field of activity involves three levels of solving management problems in relation to the system and its parts.

1. The macro level (meta-management) includes solving problems of self-organization of the management system: tasks of ideology and policy of goal setting, strategies for the development of the management system as a whole, determination of its structure, functions of subsystems, personnel policies of top management, etc.