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Speech of the Decembrists December 14, 1825 presentation. Presentation "Speech of the Decembrists"


WHO ARE THE DECEMBRISTS?

DECEMBRISTS- figures of the Russian liberation movement of the first quarter of the 19th century.

The movement arose among educated noble youth, influenced by European social thought, the ideas of the French encyclopedists and the Great French Revolution.

Many of the Decembrists took part in the wars with Napoleon.

After 1812 in Russia it became grow social movement .

The reasons for this were:

- The influence of Russian and French enlightenment,

- Patriotic upsurge after the War of 1812,

- Reaction in domestic politics in the 10s. 19th century

- Reform activities of Alexander I,

- The beginning of the crisis of the feudal-serf system.


BACKGROUND OF THE DECEMBER MOVEMENT

Passion for the art of romanticism

with its cult of strong personalities,

fighting for justice

with superior enemy forces

Reformist spirit

Emperor Alexander I

in the initial period

his reign

New views on the situation

Russian serf peasantry

due to his contribution to exile

Napoleon from Russia

FORMATION

IDEOLOGIES

DECEMBER

Getting to know the works

French educators

American experience

Great French Revolution

The influence of domestic

censored literature:

"Journey from St. Petersburg

to Moscow" by Radishchev,

poems by Pushkin, Ryleev, Kuchelbecker.

Impression of lifestyle

Western Europe, seen during

foreign campaigns of the Russian army

in 1813-1814


SECRET SOCIETIES

UNION OF WELFARE

1818-1821

200 people

UNION OF SALVATION

1816-1818

30 people

Target:

introduction of the constitution,

civil liberties,

abolition of serfdom

Northern society 1821-1822

St. Petersburg.

N.M. Muravyov "Constitution":

  • a constitutional monarchy;
  • equality of all citizens before the law;
  • freedom of speech, press, assembly;
  • abolition of serfdom;
  • peasants - 2 tithes per yard;
  • landownership

inviolable

Southern Society 1821 – 1822

Tulchin (Ukraine)

P. Pestel “Russian Truth”:

Republic;

Equality of all before the law;

Abolition of serfdom.

The decision was to set out in 1826


MAIN GOALS OF THE DECEMBRISTS:

Establishment of a constitutional parliamentary regime in Russia.

Forms of government - republic or constitutional monarchy.

Introduction of civil rights and freedoms.

Democratic transformations.

Limitation of autocracy.

Abolition of serfdom.

P. Pestel

S. Muravyov - Apostle

S. Volkonsky

S. Trubetskoy

N. Muravyov

K. Ryleev


DYNASTIC CRISIS OF 1825

VC. 1825 Alexander I went on a trip to the south. He wanted to find out the mood of the nobles on the issue of continuing reforms, suddenly fell ill (he had never been ill before) and died suddenly at the age of 47 , leaving no direct heir .

The throne passed to Alexander's brother - the governor of the Kingdom of Poland - Konstantin Pavlovich, but he abdicated the throne also in 1822 No one knew about this renunciation, except for a narrow circle of people. The army and Senate swore allegiance to Constantine.

Between him and Nikolai Pavlovich correspondence arose in which Konstantin confirmed his decision and The re-oath was scheduled for December 14.

We decided to take advantage of this event

members of secret societies


PLAN OF THE DECEMBRIST UPRISING

Prevent the oath to the new king.

Bring out the shelves whom they commanded or had influence over, to Senate Square.

With weapons force the Senate to publish a “Manifesto to the Russian people” on the abolition of serfdom and changes in the system of government of the country.

To arrest and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress members of the royal family(the murder of Nicholas 1 was not excluded).

Include famous reformers in the provisional government: M.M. Speransky, N.S. Mordvinov.

A. Bestuzhev

S. Trubetskoy

A. Yakubovich

P. Kakhovsky


TO 11 a.m. December 14, 1825 to Senate Square 30 Decembrist officers brought out about 3020 people.

However, a few days before Nicholas I was warned about the criminal intentions of secret societies Chief of the General Staff I.I. Dibich.

Senators took the oath at 7 a.m. Nicholas and proclaimed him emperor.

Appointed dictator Trubetskoy He has not appeared.

The rebel regiments continued to stand on Senate Square until the conspirators could not come to a common decision on the appointment of a new leader.


Nicholas I

9 thousand infantry

3 thousand cavalry

artillery

DECEMBRISTS

About 3 thousand people

Moscow regiment

Guards sea crew

Life Guards Grenadier Regiment


The square was cordoned off by government troops. The rebels elected a new leader- prince E.P. Obolensky, but didn’t know what to do next. Nikolai did not want to escalate the situation, but no one knew how to get out of the current situation.

In the middle of the day Nikolay decided to enter into negotiations with the rebels, but the Metropolitan was driven away by shots, and the Governor-General of St. Petersburg, hero of the war of 1812, General M.A. Miloradovich first wounded with a bayonet E.P. Obolensky, and then P. Kakhovsky shot him in the back with a pistol.


THE UPRISING OF THE SOUTH SOCIETY

Without waiting for the surrender of the rebels, Nicholas I gave the order to start firing at them from cannons. Disorganized the rebels tried to break through the encirclement, but to no avail. Southern society had to speak out upon receiving news of the victory in the capital.

Pestel was arrested December 13th, That's why decision to speak December 29, 1825. accepted S. Muravyov-Apostol and M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

The Chernigov regiment captured Vasilkov and moved to Zhitomir, planning to unite with other units, but was stopped and scattered January 3 . The leaders were arrested.


INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL

The investigation was conducted by the Investigative Commission, and a number of interrogations were conducted personally by Nicholas I. He turned out to be a subtle psychologist and some of the Decembrists began to testify.

The court determined the Decembrists to be "discharges". Five were outside them - Pestel, Ryleev, Kakhovsky, Muravyov-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin - they were hanged .

Rest sentenced to various terms of hard labor, and the soldiers were sent to the active army in the Caucasus.


WIVES OF THE DECEMBRISTS

Wives some Decembrists voluntarily followed their husbands to Siberia. They were deprived of noble titles and wealth; children born in Siberia became serfs. There were 11 people in total.

K.P.Ivasheva

M. Volkonskaya

E.P.Naryshkina

A.G. Muravyova


  • Failure of the original plan.
  • They did not have the support of the broad masses.
  • Numerical superiority and better weapons of the tsarist troops.
  • Lack of ideological and organizational unity in Decembrist organizations.
  • Waiting tactics, indecision.

  • The first open opposition to tsarism.
  • It had a strong impact on public consciousness: the inseparability of personal destiny with the destinies of Russia, responsibility for the future (“knights from head to toe..”)
  • It marked the beginning of the revolutionary movement.
  • They showed through their bitter experience that the protest of a handful of people is powerless without the support of the people.

The fiery sounds of prophetic strings have reached our ears, Our hands rushed to the swords, But they only found shackles.

But be calm, bard: with chains, We are proud of our fate, And behind the prison walls, In our souls we laugh at the kings.

Our sorrowful work will not be wasted: A flame will ignite from a spark, And our enlightened people Will gather under the holy banner.

We will forge swords from chains And let's light the fire of freedom again, And with her we will attack the kings, And the peoples will sigh joyfully.

Alexander Odoevsky


Think about it!

PALACE

COUP

REVOLUTION

MILITARY

COUP

Which definition seems most correct to you? Why?


solve the crossword puzzle

Monarchical form of government in Russia









“Area of ​​a triangle, grade 8” - Theorem: the area of ​​a triangle is equal to half the product of the base and the height. SABC: SANC = AB: AN, SABC: SANC = AB: MN (1). Equal polygons have equal areas. Sanc: sank = ac: ak, sanc: sank = ac: mk (2). The relationship between the sides and heights of a triangle. Area of ​​a triangle. Consequences.

“Parade on Red Square” - At 8.00, Marshal Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, hosting the parade, rode out of the gates of the Spasskaya Tower on horseback. The parade was hosted by Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny. For reasons of secrecy, the parade began 2 hours earlier than scheduled - at 8 am instead of 10 am. Boots, felt boots, boots with windings...

“Area units” - SABC=SABD+SCBD. Area units. Let's play lotto. In everyday life, macaws are usually called sotkas. Practical work. A rectangle has all right angles. A square is a polygon. Any quadrilateral is a rectangle. A unit square is used to measure area. It can be seen from the figure that the rectangle is divided into single squares - cells.

“Alexander the First 1777 -1825” - Barclay de Tolly. Mahmud 2. Russian commanders-in-chief. Emperor of Russia Alexander I and France Napoleon Bonaparte. Opposed the Triple Alliance led by Germany. Execution of alleged Moscow arsonists by the French. From 1803 to 1824, the position of chief prosecutor was held by Prince A.N. Golitsin.

“Circumference and area of ​​a circle” - Sn is the area of ​​a circle inscribed in a polygon. R – radius of the circle Р – perimeter of the inscribed polygon. Derivation of the formula for the area of ​​a circle. Derivation of the formula for circumference. L – length of arc AB. S is the area of ​​this circle? = 3.14159. C – circumference Derivation of the formula for the length of a circular arc. Sn – area of ​​the polygon

“Lesson 2nd grade Area of ​​a rectangle” - Lesson objectives: let’s get acquainted with... develop skills... develop... educate... Lesson topic: “Area of ​​a rectangle.” Living space. Area of ​​the figure. Red Square. We are attentive! Self-test standard. A standard for mutual verification and mutual control. Expressions with a variable. Mathematics 2nd grade Opening lesson Area of ​​a rectangle.

Slide 39

Reinforcing the material learned

1. The activities of the secret organizations of the Decembrists relate to A) 1801-1811 B) 1827-1828 B) 1816-1826 D) 1829-1830. 2. One of the reasons for the formation of secret societies in Russia in 1816-1825. was A) the desire of their participants to expand noble land ownership B) the influence of revolutionary events in Europe C) the dissatisfaction of their participants with the intention of Alexander I to free the peasants from serfdom D) the desire of their leaders to abolish the serfdom of the peasants 3. The decision to speak out on December 14, 1825 came from -for A) the arrests of the Decembrists B) the death of the tsar, the period of interregnum C) the founding of military settlements D) the tsar’s reluctance to accept liberal reforms 4. Which of the following punishments were applied by the tsar in relation to the Decembrists A) the death penalty D) exile to the settlement B ) link to eternal hard labor D) demotion to soldier with the right to seniority C) deprivation of ranks and positions E) all of the above

Preview:

Decembrist revolt

Goals:

To create in students a bright, holistic image of the Decembrists

Show the presence in Russian society of deep contradictions generated by the outdated feudal-serf system

Come to the conclusion that resolution of contradictions was possible only along the path of reforms

Tasks:

Find out the reasons for the emergence of the Decembrist movement, the goals of participants in secret organizations, the significance and reasons for the defeat of the uprising on Senate Square

Learn to define and explain concepts, analyze and compare historical facts, highlight the main thing, draw conclusions, continue to develop the skills of independent work with textbook material, develop skills in working with documents

Cultivate interest in the history of your homeland and respect for outstanding personalities

Lesson type:

learning new material

Lesson format:

lesson presentation

Equipment:

laptop, multimedia projector, speakers, screen, dimming

Introductory conversation

Questions:

Name a characteristic feature of the post-war reign of Alexander I. (Growing social movement, the emergence of liberal ideology.)

When did the first secret societies appear in Russia? (After the end of the Napoleonic wars.)

Why did secret societies appear during this period? (During the war with Napoleon, many Russian officers had to spend a long time in Europe, where they not only fought, but also got acquainted with the life of Europeans. And they involuntarily compared them with what they saw in their homeland. They were impressed by the good roads, the improvement of cities, regulated law social order. The Russian army was greeted everywhere with delight. It brought deliverance from the cruel Napoleonic rule. The authorities of almost all cities and countries where the Russian regiments stopped showed, first of all, increased attention to the “liberator officers”, surrounded them with care, demonstrated the best. Therefore, among officers, the idea arises that the order in Russia is bad because there are no “correct” laws. This means that it is necessary to change the state structure and develop “correct” laws.)

When and what were the most famous secret societies created? (1821 – Southern Society in Ukraine and Northern Society in St. Petersburg.)

Let's look at secret society programs.

(Students are prepared in advance. Slide No. 2)

It should be noted that members of secret societies sought to achieve their goals without relying on the broad masses of the people, because they electedmilitary coup tactics. It did not involve appealing to the broad masses. In the conditions that prevailed at that time, according to the future Decembrists, only a military coup could influence the government.

Explanation of new material

Decembrist uprising on Senate Square

The societies understood that they needed to act together, so they chose the time for a military coup - the summer of 1826.

In November 1825, Alexander I unexpectedly died far from St. Petersburg, in Taganrog. (Slide No. 3) He did not have a son, and the heir to the throne was his brother Konstantin. (Slide No. 4) But, married to a person of non-royal blood, Constantine, according to the rules of succession to the throne, could not pass the throne to his descendants and therefore abdicated the throne. The heir of Alexander I was to be his next brother, Nicholas (Slide No. 5) - rude, cruel, hated in the army. Constantine's abdication was kept secret; only the narrowest circle of members of the royal family knew about it. Therefore, he continued to be considered the heir to the throne, and the oath was taken to him. The re-oath to Nicholas I was scheduled for December 14. The Decembrists, even when creating the first secret society, decided to act at the moment of the change of emperors on the throne.This moment has now arrived. An action plan was developed at Ryleev’s apartment (Slide No. 6-7).

Nikolai Bestuzhev (Slide No. 8): “From that moment on, Ryleev’s house became the gathering place for our meetings, and he became the soul of them... We worked harder, prepared the guard, fed and aroused the spirit of hostility towards Nikolai that existed among the soldiers. Ryleev never ceased to be the source and mainspring of all the actions of society... We saw the need to act, we felt the need to awaken Russia.”

The venue for the performance was Senate Square in St. Petersburg. Prince Sergei Trubetskoy was appointed “dictator” of the uprising. (Slide No. 9) The Decembrists decided not to swear allegiance to Nicholas, but to force Nicholas I, with the help of troops, to sign the revolutionary “Manifesto to the Russian People,” prepared by the “Northern Society.” This document announced the overthrow of the autocracy, the abolition of serfdom, and the reduction of the period of military service. Civil liberties were proclaimed, and the convening of a Great Council was envisaged to resolve issues regarding the adoption of a constitution and the form of government in the country. (Textbook p.62)

Some of the troops ready to march under the command of A.I. Yakubovich were supposed to seize the Winter Palace and arrest the royal family while it was still dark.

In reality, everything turned out differently than planned. Warned of the impending speech, Nicholas took the oath of office for members of the Senate, Synod and State Council on the night of December 13-14. The plans of the rebels were disrupted from the very first steps, since the dictator of the uprising, S.P. Trubetskoy - did not show up at Senate Square. (Slide No. 10-11) This, of course, brought confusion to the ranks of the rebels and paralyzed their actions.

To protect the king, it was ordered to bring the horse guard to Senate Square. (Slide No. 12) General Miloradovich, without waiting for the troops loyal to the government, demanded a horse and, with the words: “I will finish everything myself,” galloped towards the square of the rebels. He said: (Slide No. 13) “Soldiers, which of you was with me near Lutzen, Kulm. You are a stain on Russia, you are criminals before the Tsar, the Fatherland and God!” It was a moment when it seemed one man could change the course of history. (Slide No. 14) The next moment, Yevgeny Obolensky wounded the general with a bayonet, and almost simultaneously, Pyotr Kakhovsky inflicted a fatal wound from a pistol. Such was the fate of the courageous general, who survived 50 battles with the enemy, and was killed in St. Petersburg by a retired Russian officer. Kakhovsky’s shot was the point after which a peaceful outcome of the speech was impossible. (Slide No. 15)

After peace negotiations failed, Nicholas ordered grapeshot to open fire on the Moscow regiment.

After the second shot, the rebels wavered and ran.

Write down: (Slide No. 16) On December 14, 1825, an uprising of revolutionary nobles who opposed autocracy and serfdom was suppressed in St. Petersburg. They went down in history under the name Decembrists.

Uprising of the Chernigov Regiment

Write down: (Slide No. 17) December 29, 1825 -uprising of the Chernigov regiment in Ukraine.

The uprising was led by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol. (Slide No. 18)

It began at the moment when members of the Southern Society already knew about the defeat of the uprising in St. Petersburg, and when the leaders of the Northern Society had already been arrested. During the week S.I. Muravyov-Apostol with 970 soldiers and 8 officers walked through the snow-covered fields of Ukraine, hoping for other military units to join him. However, this hope was not realized. The military command managed to isolate the Chernigov regiment. At the same time, troops loyal to the government converged on the area of ​​the uprising. As a result, the uprising was also suppressed.

Even before the speech on Senate Square, arrests of members of secret societies began. (Slide No. 19)

Commission of Inquiry

After the suppression of the uprising in St. Petersburg and Ukraine, an Investigative Commission was formed. This was the first broad political process in Russian history. The work of the Investigative Commission was directed by Emperor Nicholas I himself. The court divided all those arrested into 11 categories according to the degree of guilt. (Slide No. 20)

Arrested – 579 people

Found guilty – 289 people

Prosecuted – 121

Sentenced to execution – 5 people (quartering)

On July 10, 1826, Nicholas I, by his decree, commuted the sentences of almost all categories. For five, the quartering was replaced by hanging. (Slide No. 22) The sentence was carried out on July 13, 1826 on the crown (a defensive structure for monitoring the approaches to the fortress) of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Each had a plaque with the inscription “Kingslayer” hanging on his chest. (Slide No. 23)

Decembrists sentenced to hanging:

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev

Petr Grigorievich Kakhovsky

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol

Mikhail Pavlovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Those convicted of the first category were sentenced to hard labor. About 111 defendants were sentenced to various terms of hard labor, 9 officers were demoted to privates.

The future convicts were lined up in the courtyard of the fortress, deprived of their nobility and ranks, their uniforms, epaulettes and orders torn from them were burned in bonfires, and their swords were broken over their heads.

The soldiers were doomed to the most inhumane punishment: 178 people were driven through a formation of thousands with spitzrutens (a long flexible rod made of wicker for corporal punishment) from 1 to 12 times, many were beaten with sticks and rods. A considerable number of soldiers ended up in the active army in the Caucasus. The entire Chernigov penal regiment was sent there.

In July 1826, convicts began to be sent in small groups to Siberia towards the unknown, towards a convict fate. (Slide No. 24) The Decembrists spent thirty years in Siberia, near Irkutsk and Chita, and their wives E. Trubetskaya, M. Volkonskaya, A. Muravyova followed them. (Slide No. 25) The Decembrists were amnestied only by Alexander II in 1856. (Slide No. 26)

Conclusion

The Decembrist movement was the first major political opposition movement in Russia in the 19th century. (Slide No. 27) It managed to stir up the progressive Russian public and direct its efforts to the fight against serfdom and autocracy. Decembrist traditions inspired subsequent generations of freedom fighters, many of whom saw their spiritual mentors in the Decembrists and considered themselves continuers of their work. Many remained partial to the activities of the Decembrists. Many were worried about their fate.

Homework

1. §9 (textbook by Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia XIX century)

2. Read excerpts from the “Manifesto to the Russian People” (textbook p. 62)

3. Why did the Decembrists decide to act in December 1825?

4. Why didn’t the Decembrist officers tell their soldiers about the true reason for the uprising?

5. What are the reasons for the defeat of the uprising? Could the Decembrists have won?

6. What is the historical significance of the Decembrist uprising?

7. How do you see the continuation of events in Russia if the Decembrists win? (Creative task, optional)

Preview:

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Slide captions:

While we are burning with freedom, While our hearts are alive for honor, My friend, let us dedicate our Souls to beautiful impulses to the fatherland! Decembrist revolt

Northern society “Constitution” (N.M. Muravyov) Southern society “Russian Truth” (P.I. Pestel) Form of government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - “supreme official” of the country Republic Legislative power Bicameral parliament “People's Assembly” Unicameral parliament “People's Assembly” veche" Executive power Bicameral local government institutions Upper house - State Duma Lower house - House of elected representatives State Duma, consisting of 5 people, one of whom changed annually Suffrage High property qualification Men over 20 years of age Serfdom Cancellation Cancellation Civil rights and freedom (religion, speech, press, movement, equality before the courts)

Alexander I

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Nicholas I

Kondraty Ryleev

On the eve of the uprising

“From that moment on, Ryleev’s house became the gathering place for our meetings, and he became the soul of them... We worked harder, prepared the guards, fed and aroused the spirit of hostility towards Nikolai that existed among the soldiers. Ryleev never ceased to be the source and mainspring of all the actions of society... We saw the need to act, we felt the need to awaken Russia.” Nikolay Bestuzhev

Sergei Trubetskoy

Uprising on Senate Square

Senate square. Artist K.I. Kolman

“Soldiers, which of you was with me near Lutzen, Kulm. You are a stain on Russia, you are criminals before the Tsar, the Fatherland and God!” Count Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Count Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Write down December 14, 1825. In St. Petersburg, an uprising of revolutionary nobles who opposed autocracy and serfdom was suppressed. They went down in history under the name Decembrists.

Write down December 29, 1825 - the uprising of the Chernigov regiment in Ukraine. The uprising was led by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol

Sergey Muravyov-Apostol

Arrests of the Decembrists

Commission of Inquiry Arrested Found guilty Put on trial Exiled to penal servitude and Siberia Sentenced to execution Soldiers driven through the line with gauntlets 289 people 579 people 121 people 5 people more than 100 people

Before execution

Execution (stills from the film “Star of Captivating Happiness”)

Decembrists sentenced to hanging K.F. Ryleev P.G. Kakhovsky M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin P.I. Pestel S.I. Muravyov-Apostol

Wives of the Decembrists

Amnesty for the Decembrists

Write down The speech of the Decembrists was the first major opposition political speech in Russia of the 19th century. It stirred up the progressive Russian public and directed its efforts towards the fight against serfdom and autocracy.

Thank you for your attention