The financial condition of a commercial organization using the example of individual entrepreneur Glukhov - thesis. Analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise Analysis of the financial condition of an individual enterprise

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INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

INTRODUCTION

The study of financial stability allows us to assess the organization’s ability to ensure the uninterrupted process of financial and economic activities and the degree to which funds invested in assets are covered by its own sources. From the point of view of investors, the greatest interest is in assessing the efficiency of investing available funds, that is, obtaining maximum benefits with minimal risk of losing investments. In a market economy, each enterprise operates independently, as a result of which various types of business risks arise - production, marketing, financial and others. In this regard, there is a need to have information about the real situation of investment objects and the prospects for their development in market conditions. This information can be obtained as a result of economic analysis and forecasting of the financial condition of an economic entity.

The financial condition of an enterprise, its sustainability and stability depend on the results of its production, commercial and financial activities. A stable financial position, in turn, has a positive impact on the implementation of production plans and the provision of production needs with the necessary resources.

Thus, insufficient financial stability can lead to the insolvency of the enterprise and its lack of funds to expand production, while excessive financial stability will hinder development, burdening the enterprise’s costs with excess inventories and reserves. Consequently, financial stability is characterized by a state of financial resources that meets market requirements and meets the development needs of the enterprise.

Assessing financial stability is not only part of the analysis of financial condition, but also clarifies issues of the enterprise’s property status, liquidity, solvency, creditworthiness and profitability. In addition, an analysis of financial stability reveals existing shortcomings and allows us to outline ways to eliminate them. Therefore, the chosen topic for research is relevant.

The purpose of the course work is to study the theoretical foundations and methods of analyzing financial stability based on financial statements, assess the financial stability of the enterprise under study and make recommendations for improving its financial position.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set:

a) reveal the concept and role of financial stability and establish the factors influencing it;

b) consider coefficient analysis of financial stability;

c) characterize the types of financial stability.

The subject of the study is the financial stability of the enterprise based on accounting financial statements.

Object of study - IP Bespoyasov A.B.

1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY

1.1 Financial stability and its determining factors

One of the main tasks of analyzing the financial and economic condition of an enterprise is to study indicators characterizing its financial stability. It is determined by the degree of provision of inventories and costs by own and borrowed sources of their formation, the ratio of the volumes of own and borrowed funds and is characterized by a system of absolute and relative indicators. Sustainability serves as a guarantee of survival and the basis for the stability of an enterprise’s position, but can also contribute to the deterioration of its financial condition under the influence of external and internal factors. Financial stability is a reflection of a stable excess of income over expenses, ensures free maneuvering of the enterprise’s funds and contributes to the uninterrupted process of production and sales of products through their effective use.

Thus, the stability of any phenomenon is its ability to preserve the forms of its existence for a very long time and with sufficient accuracy, with the loss of which the phenomenon ceases to be itself. Sustainability is a relative concept and depends on the object of comparison. Also, the concept can be considered as a system from two points of view:

a) from a physical point of view - the stability of the system is any change in the input signal or any disturbance, initial conditions or parameters that will not lead to significant deviations in the output signal;

b) economically - the sustainability of the functioning of an enterprise characterizes ensuring its effective operation through the optimal use of production resources, a stable financial condition, improving the structure of assets, as well as the stable social development of the enterprise with self-financing in conditions of changing external environment.

Thus, a sustainably operating enterprise must be able to return to a state of equilibrium when its values ​​deviate from optimal values ​​as a result of unfavorable external and internal factors. This is achieved through own or borrowed resources, re-profiling of production and other measures to improve the financial condition of the enterprise.

In this regard, in modern conditions, the concept of financial sustainability is important, which is an ambiguous characteristic of an organization’s activities. According to M.A. Vakhrushina, financial stability is the ability to increase the achieved level of business activity and business efficiency, while guaranteeing solvency and increasing investment attractiveness within the limits of acceptable risk.

According to V.R. Bank, financial stability is the result of the presence of a certain safety margin that protects the enterprise from accidents and sudden changes in external factors.

The stability of enterprises is associated with the availability of financial resources and their structure, the degree of their dependence on creditors and investors. If the structure “equity - borrowed funds” is skewed towards debt, then such an enterprise may go bankrupt and cease to exist. It follows from this that financial sustainability is a broad concept.

The financial stability of an enterprise is the state of its financial resources, their distribution and use, which, under conditions of acceptable risk, ensure uninterrupted functioning, sufficient profitability and the ability to pay off obligations on time.

From the point of view of Ionov A.F. and Liferenko G.N., the financial stability of an organization is the state of its financial resources, their distribution and use, which ensures the development of the organization based on the growth of profits and capital while maintaining solvency and creditworthiness under conditions of an acceptable level of risk.

According to G.V. Savitskaya, financial stability is an integral characteristic of the financial condition of an enterprise and without it loses its economic meaning. At the same time, the stability of financial condition is only one facet of the manifestation of financial stability, since in its content the concept of financial stability is broader than the concept of financial condition.

The financial stability of an economic entity is based on the optimal ratio between the types of its assets (current and non-current), taking into account the internal structure and sources of financing (own and borrowed funds).

From the point of view of Pastukhova N.B., financial stability is the state of financial resources within organizations of a certain type of economic activity, their distribution and use, which ensures their development based on the growth of profits and assets while maintaining solvency and creditworthiness under conditions of an acceptable level of risk.

Opinion of V.V. Kovalev and Volkova O.N. also based on the ratio of assets and liabilities of the organization. Thus, the financial stability of an enterprise is the ability of a business entity to function and develop, to maintain a balance of its assets and liabilities in a changing internal and external environment, guaranteeing its constant solvency and investment attractiveness within the acceptable level of risk.

The main goal of the enterprise's financial activity is to increase its own capital and ensure a stable position in the market. To do this, it is necessary to constantly maintain the solvency and profitability of the enterprise, as well as the optimal structure of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet.

The task of financial stability analysis is to assess the degree of dependence on borrowed sources of financing. This is necessary to answer the questions: how independent is the organization from a financial point of view; the level of this independence increases or decreases; whether the state of assets and liabilities meets the objectives of its financial and economic activities.

The financial stability of an organization is influenced by a number of factors, which can be divided by: a) place of origin (external and internal); b) the importance of the result (major and secondary); c) structure (simple and complex); d) time of action (permanent and temporary).

When conducting the analysis, the main attention is paid to internal factors that depend on the activities of an economic entity, which it has the ability to influence, adjust their impact and, to a certain extent, manage them.

Internal factors include: a) industry affiliation of the organization; b) the structure of products (services, works), its share in the total effective demand; c) the amount of paid authorized capital, own working capital; d) the amount and structure of costs, their dynamics in comparison with cash income; e) the state of property and financial resources, including stocks and reserves, their composition and structure.

An economic entity is not able to influence external factors; it can only adapt to their influence. These factors include: a) the phase of a stable economic cycle; b) the influence of economic conditions; c) the prevailing technique and technology in society; d) level, dynamics and fluctuations of effective demand; e) market competition; f) tax credit policy of the government; g) legislative acts to control the activities of the organization; h) investment policy; i) foreign economic relations; j) the value system in society, etc.

Thus, enterprises strive to influence internal factors of financial stability in order to provide themselves with the necessary amount of financial resources to carry out their activities. Organizations are also aimed at rational and efficient distribution and use of available funds.

The financial condition of an enterprise is characterized by the placement and use of funds and the nature of the sources of their formation. This information is contained in the organization's balance sheet.

The main factors determining the financial condition include: a) implementation of the plan and replenishment of own working capital as the need arises from profits; b) turnover rate of working capital (assets).

An important indicator of financial condition is the solvency of the organization. Since the implementation of the financial plan mainly depends on the results of production and economic activities as a whole, the financial condition is determined by the entire set of economic factors. The main tasks of the financial condition include: determining the quality of the financial condition, studying the reasons for its improvement or deterioration over the analyzed period, preparing recommendations for improving financial stability. These tasks are solved by studying the dynamics of financial indicators and are divided into the following analytical blocks (Figure 1):

Figure 1 - Scheme of analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise

a) theoretical analysis of financial condition factors - internal and external;

b) structural analysis of assets;

c) structural analysis of liabilities;

d) analysis of financial condition based on absolute balance sheet data;

e) analysis of profitability indicators and their impact on financial condition;

f) analysis of financial stability, characterized by a satisfactory and unsatisfactory balance sheet structure and reflecting the financial results of economic activity;

g) analysis of the liquidity of assets and balance sheet, which is understood as the degree to which the enterprise’s liabilities are covered by its assets, the period of transformation (liquidity of assets) of which is expressed in monetary form and corresponds to the maturity of the obligations;

h) analysis of solvency, i.e. the ability of the enterprise to timely satisfy the payment requirements of suppliers, repay loans and borrowings (creditworthiness) and other payments.

Financial stability is an integral part of financial condition. According to the opinion of both domestic and foreign authors, the concept of “financial stability” is based on the relationship between the types of assets of the organization (current and non-current assets, taking into account their internal structure) and the sources of their financing (own and borrowed funds). In turn, an analysis of the financial stability of an organization allows us to determine how independent it is and whether its financial position is stable. This analysis is carried out using the following methods:

a) coefficient analysis of financial stability is based on the calculation of the following coefficients: autonomy, financial stability, financial leverage, debt financing, provision of own working capital, provision of reserves from own sources, maneuverability of equity capital, as well as the permanent asset index. For example, an increase in debt financing and financial leverage ratios, as well as in the permanent asset index, indicate strengthening of financial stability. However, simultaneous growth of all eight indicators is impossible;

b) determination of the type of financial stability, which can be absolute and normal financial stability, unstable and crisis financial condition. To do this, calculate the surplus or shortage of sources of funds for the formation of reserves. Such sources of collateral include own working capital, own and long-term sources of financing of inventories and the total amount of the main sources of financing of inventories;

c) analysis of net assets characterizes not only the stability of the organization, but also the capital structure. They are characterized by two main indicators: net assets and their share in the total balance sheet currency. So the value of net assets is compared with the authorized capital: it must be greater than the authorized capital; if their value is less than the authorized capital, then the organization is obliged to reduce the authorized capital to the amount of net assets; if their value is less than the minimum amount of authorized capital, then the enterprise must decide on self-liquidation. In all unfavorable cases, the organization must take measures to increase profits and profitability, repay the debt of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital, etc.;

d) assessing the margin of financial strength of an enterprise includes the following: calculating the effect of operating leverage associated with changes in the cost structure and, in particular, variable costs; analysis of break-even production volume; determination of the financial safety margin. Thus, the effect of operating leverage can show the elasticity of profit to revenue or the degree of sensitivity of profit to changes in production volume. And the margin of financial strength is important for assessing financial stability and financial risk. Depending on the financial losses, operational risk is divided into the following zones: risk-free, minimal and acceptable risks, critical and catastrophic risks. For example, with a high share of fixed costs, the effect of operating leverage and break-even sales volume will be higher and the margin of financial safety will be lower;

e) assessment of financial stability based on the ratio of financial (mobile and immobile) and non-financial (long-term and current) assets. If non-financial assets are covered by equity capital, and financial assets by borrowed capital, then the enterprise is financially stable. In the event that these assets are not covered by appropriate sources, the enterprise loses stability. In the opposite case of financial imbalance, the margin of stability increases. Thus, there are five options for sustainability: super stability, sufficient stability, financial balance, acceptable financial tension, risk zone.

The problem of financial sustainability of enterprises operating in a market economy is one of the most important not only financial, but also general economic problems. Indeed, the importance of the financial stability of individual economic entities for the economy as a whole is very great. The effective uninterrupted functioning of economic entities, as individual elements of a single, aggregated economic mechanism, ensures its normal, smooth operation. The deterioration of the financial condition of an individual enterprise will inevitably lead to disruptions in the functioning of the economic mechanism. Insolvency has a negative impact on the dynamics of production and manifests itself in the form of a reduction in effective demand for production resources, an increase in overdue debts to suppliers, budgets of various levels, extra-budgetary funds, employees of enterprises for wages, banks, payments of dividends to owners, etc.

Loss of financial stability means that the enterprise will face bankruptcy in the future with all the ensuing consequences, including its liquidation, if prompt and effective measures are not taken to restore financial stability.

The significance of the financial stability of individual economic entities for the economy and society as a whole consists of its significance for each individual element of this system:

a) for the state represented by the tax authorities - timely and full payment by the enterprise of all taxes and fees to the budgets of various levels;

b) for off-budget funds - timely and full repayment of debt on contributions to these funds;

c) for employees of the enterprise - timely payment of wages, provision of additional jobs;

d) for buyers and customers - stable operation, fulfillment of contractual terms;

e) for suppliers and contractors - timely and complete fulfillment of obligations;

f) for commercial banks - timely and full fulfillment of obligations in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement;

and). for the owners of the enterprise - profitability, the amount of profit allocated for the payment of dividends;

h) for investors - the profitability and degree of risk of investing in an enterprise. The more financially stable an enterprise is, the less risky and more profitable investments in it are.

The financial stability of an enterprise plays an extremely important role in ensuring sustainable development of both individual enterprises and society as a whole. Analysis of the stability of the financial condition on a particular date allows us to answer the question of how correctly the enterprise managed financial resources during the period preceding this date. Insufficient financial stability can lead to the insolvency of the enterprise and a lack of funds for the development of production, and excessive financial stability can impede development, burdening the enterprise's costs with excess inventories and reserves.

The essence of financial stability is determined by the effective formation, distribution and use of financial resources that ensure the development of the enterprise based on the growth of profits and capital while maintaining solvency and creditworthiness under acceptable risk conditions.

Thus, to analyze the financial condition and financial stability, accounting financial statements are required. The main interest for the researcher is the balance sheet and profit and loss account.

According to Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 66-n dated July 2, 2010 “On the forms of financial statements of organizations,” in 2011 there were changes in the financial statements. Thus, the new reporting consists of 5 forms: a) balance sheet; b) profit and loss statement; c) statement of changes in capital; d) cash flow statement; e) a report on the intended use of the funds received (to be completed by public organizations that do not carry out entrepreneurial activities).

The main changes to the balance sheet include:

a) extension of the period for reporting indicators (as of the reporting date, as of December 31 of the previous year and as of December 31 of the year preceding the previous one);

b) the possibility of reflecting individual assets and liabilities in a total amount with disclosure in the notes to the balance sheet, if they are insignificant for assessing the financial position and financial performance of the organization;

c) introduction of a separate column for explanations, which indicates the number of the corresponding explanation to the first two reporting forms;

d) cancellation of additional breakdowns of balance sheet items (materials, accounts receivable, reserve capital). In section I of the balance sheet, the line “Construction in progress” was excluded from the composition of non-current assets and the line “Results of research and development” was added. In Section III of the balance sheet “Capital and Reserves” a new line “Revaluation of non-current assets” has been introduced, and data on the line “Additional capital” should be reflected without taking into account the revaluation. In Section IV of the balance sheet “Long-term liabilities” a new indicator “Reserves for contingent liabilities” has appeared.

e) exception “Certificate of the presence of valuables recorded in off-balance sheet accounts.”

In turn, the following adjustments occurred in the income statement:

a) a separate column has been introduced for explanations;

b) the reference section includes the line “Cumulative financial result of the period”, the value of which is determined as the sum of the lines “Net profit (loss)”, “Result from the revaluation of non-current assets, not included in the net profit (loss) of the period” and “Result from other transactions not included in the net profit (loss) of the reporting period”;

c) “Decoding of individual profits and losses” has been excluded.

1.3 Analysis of financial stability ratios

To assess the financial stability of an organization, many ratios are used, reflecting different ratios of the organization's assets and liabilities. In addition, there are almost no uniform normative criteria for these coefficients. In this regard, some difficulties arise in the overall assessment of financial stability, since the values ​​of the coefficients depend on many factors: the industry of the organization, lending conditions, the existing structure of liabilities, turnover of current assets, the reputation of the organization, etc. Therefore, the acceptability of these coefficient values, assessment of their dynamics and directions of change can only be established for a specific organization, taking into account the conditions of its activity. Some comparisons between organizations of the same specialization are possible, but they are quite limited.

When conducting a coefficient analysis of financial stability, we can limit ourselves to the following indicators:

a) coefficient of financial independence (autonomy) - shows the share of own funds in the total amount of funding sources:

where SK is equity capital;

VB - balance sheet currency.

The higher the value of the coefficient, the more financially stable, stable and independent the organization is from external creditors.

The financial independence ratio is the most general indicator characterizing the financial stability of an organization. The optimal value of this coefficient is considered to be 50%. In this case, creditors feel quite calm, since all borrowed capital is covered by the organization’s property. An increase in the financial independence ratio indicates the strengthening of the organization’s financial stability.

b) financial stability coefficient - shows what part of the assets is financed from sustainable sources:

where DO - long-term liabilities.

Long-term borrowed funds due to the urgency of fulfilling obligations are quite legitimate to add to the organization’s own funds.

In addition to calculating the coefficients of financial stability and independence of the organization, they analyze the structure of its borrowed funds: a large share of long-term loans in it is a sign of the stable financial condition of the organization

c) financial leverage ratio (the ratio of borrowed and equity funds) - shows how much borrowed funds the organization raised per 1 ruble. own funds invested in assets:

where ZK - long-term and short-term liabilities.

The higher the value of the coefficient, the higher the risk of the organization associated with an increase in its dependence on external sources of financing, and the lower its borrowing potential, since a decrease in financial stability often makes it difficult to obtain new loans and borrowings.

The optimal value of this indicator, developed by foreign practice, is 0.5. It is believed that if the value of the coefficient exceeds 1.0, then the financial independence and stability of the analyzed organization reaches a critical point, however, everything depends on the nature of the activity and the specifics of the industry to which the organization belongs.

d) debt financing ratio - is the inverse of the capitalization ratio and shows the amount of equity capital per unit of borrowed sources:

e) coefficient of provision with own sources of financing (sufficiency with own working capital) - shows what part of current assets is financed from own funds:

where SOS is own working capital;

VNA - non-current assets;

Both are current assets.

A coefficient value close to one indicates that the organization fully meets its need for current assets from its own funds and has absolute financial stability. The lower the value of the coefficient, the more unstable the financial condition of the organization. The organization reaches a critical financial condition when the ratio is 0.1.

f) the coefficient of financial independence in terms of the formation of reserves and costs (the provision of reserves from own sources) - shows what part of the reserves and costs is formed from own funds:

The growth of the indicator is a positive trend.

A coefficient value greater than or close to one indicates that only its own sources are used to acquire material and production resources and the organization has absolute or normal financial stability. The lower the value of the coefficient, the more unstable the financial condition of the organization, since there is a need to attract borrowed capital to form reserves due to a shortage of own funds. The lower the ratio, the higher the financial risk and dependence on creditors.

g) coefficient of maneuverability of equity capital - shows the share of mobile funds in equity:

The coefficient shows the degree of mobility (flexibility) of the use of own funds, that is, what part of the equity capital is not fixed in immobilized (non-current) assets and makes it possible to maneuver the organization’s funds.

A high value of the ratio and its steady growth positively characterize the financial condition of the organization, and also indicate that the organization’s management uses its own funds quite flexibly.

What is the optimal value of the indicator? 0.3, which will ensure sufficient balance liquidity. And the low value of this indicator indicates that a significant part of the organization’s own funds is aimed at financing non-current assets, whose liquidity is low. The closer the indicator value is to the optimal one, the more financial opportunities the organization has and the more mobile funds it has in its equity capital.

In general, the financial stability of an organization depends on the rapid growth of the amount of its own working capital compared to the growth of inventories and equity capital.

h) permanent asset index - shows the share of immobilized funds in own sources:

These ratios (except for the financial leverage ratio and the debt financing ratio, the permanent asset index) are directly dependent on changes in financial stability, i.e. the growth of each of them confirms the strengthening of financial stability. But simultaneous growth of all indicators is impossible, since some of them can only increase by reducing others. For example, the equity agility ratio and the permanent asset index add up to 1:

The growth of own working capital is, as a rule, the result of an increase in equity capital, and in some cases, a decrease in the value of non-current assets.

Calculation of financial stability indicators provides management with the information necessary to make a decision on the advisability of attracting additional borrowed funds only from the point of view of financial stability.

2. ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE ENTERPRISE USING THE EXAMPLE OF PE BESPOYASOV A.B.

2.1 General characteristics of the organization

IP Bespoyasov A.B. created in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The main goal of the activities of IP Bespoyasov A.B. is to make a profit in the interests of the participants.

The subject of the enterprise's activities are:

Trade and purchasing activities, trade and intermediary, other commercial activities;

Organization and conduct of wholesale, small wholesale, retail and barter trade;

Production and sale of food products, consumer goods, technical products, construction and finishing materials;

Purchase, production, processing and sale of agricultural products;

Providing personal services to citizens and organizations;

Intermediary and agency services;

Carrying out other types of activities that are not prohibited by law and do not contradict the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

IP Bespoyasov A.B. bears responsibility for its obligations with all the property belonging to it.

Key indicators of economic activity for 2011-2013 (Table 1).

Table 1 - Dynamics of key indicators of economic activity

These tables indicate a rapid expansion of the enterprise's activities. Thus, sales revenue increased significantly (by 164.84%), which led to an increase in gross and net profit. However, distribution costs also grew rapidly, their growth amounted to 163.9%. It must be said that in 2013, compared to 2012, costs per ruble of products decreased by 0.56%. Also a positive factor was a significant reduction in cost in 2013 compared to 2012 (130.1%), compared to 2012 compared to 2011 (160.51%), which was also a trend toward an increase in sales profits. Thus, there is an increase in gross profit from product sales by 2013 to 8141.27%, which is certainly a positive factor.

Analyzing the size of net profit in the periods under study, we determined that the growth rate of net profit is lower than the growth rate of profit from sales, this is explained by the presence of non-operating and operating expenses at the enterprise. So, the growth rate of net profit in 2013 was 173.34%, and in 2012 982.31% compared to 2011. This growth is due to the almost doubling of the profitability of services provided in 2012 and the consolidation of market positions. Paying attention to the huge increase in the profitability of services provided in 2013 by 4986.05%, we can confidently state the fact of reducing the cost of services and increasing competitiveness.

2.2 Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise

We begin the analysis of the financial condition with a horizontal analysis of the enterprise.

financial stability capital asset

Table 2 - Horizontal analysis of balance sheet assets

The table shows that non-current assets during 2011-2013. were constantly declining. In 2012, assets decreased by 517 thousand rubles. compared to 2011. In 2013, non-current assets decreased by 33.93% compared to 2012.

Current assets in 2012 increased by 213,229 thousand rubles. or by 318.16% compared to 2011. However, in 2013 they decreased by 5,422 thousand rubles.

The changes resulting from Section III occurred due to changes in retained earnings. In the period 2011-2012 it grew by 8.82%, and in the period 2012-2013. decreased by 322 thousand rubles.

There were no long-term commitments in 2011. In 2012-2013, the change was 24 thousand rubles. or 109.09%. Short-term liabilities in 2012 increased compared to 2011 by 272.42%; in 2013 they decreased by 5,430 thousand rubles. in relation to 2012.

The total balance sheet in 2012 increased by 212,712 thousand rubles. or by 252.47%, in 2013 it decreased by 5,728 thousand rubles.

After a horizontal analysis of the enterprise's balance sheet has been carried out, it is necessary to conduct a vertical analysis (Table 3).

Table 3 - Vertical analysis of balance sheet liabilities

Thus, the main share of the balance sheet assets is made up of current assets. In 2011, their share was 98.32%, in 2012 the share increased to 99.7%, and in 2013 they increased by 0.1% and became 99.8%.

The liabilities side of the balance sheet is dominated by short-term liabilities. They occupy 92.51% in 2011, 97.75% in 2012, 97.81% in 2013. Thus, their constant growth is observed.

Also in the structure of liabilities one can distinguish the share of equity capital. It decreased during the period under review (2011-2013): from 7.49% in 2011 to 2.17% in 2013. The share of long-term liabilities is insignificant.

The company's own working capital is calculated as follows:

SOS = E + LTL - LTA or SOS = CA - CL

where E is the capital of the owners of the company (the result of section III of the balance sheet); LTL - long-term liabilities (result of section IV of the balance sheet); CA - current assets (result of section II of the balance sheet); CL - short-term liabilities (result of section V of the balance sheet).

Being absolute, the solvency indicator is not suitable for spatio-temporal comparisons, therefore, relative indicators - liquidity ratios - are more actively used in the analysis. It is customary to distinguish three groups of current assets, differing from the point of view of their participation in the repayment of settlements - inventories, accounts receivable and cash and cash equivalents. The above division of current assets into groups makes it possible to introduce basic analytical coefficients that can be used for a general assessment of the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise.

ксr = current assets / short-term liabilities

kgr = accounts receivable + cash / short-term liabilities

kmr = cash/current liabilities

Let's calculate these indicators for IP Bespoyasov A.B.

SOScon indicator. 2011 = 6309 - 0 = 6309

SOScon. 2012 = 6654 - 22 = 6632

SOScon. 2013 = 6332 - 46 = 6286

Current ratio:

ksr con. 2011 = 82838 / 77946 = 1.06

ksr con. 2012 = 296067 / 290290 = 1.02

ksr con. 2013 = 290645 / 284860 = 1.02

Quick ratio:

kgr con. 2011 = 82838 - 81 / 77946 = 1.06

kgr con. 2012 = = 296067 - 110 / 290290 = 1.02

kgr con. 2013 = 290645 - 117 / 284860 = 1.02

Absolute liquidity ratio:

kmr con. 2011 = 13366 / 77946 = 0.17

kmr con. 2012 = 5376 / 290290 = 0.019

kmr con. 2013 = 5103 / 284860 = 0.018

The obtained data must be summarized in a table.

Table 4 - Summary table of liquidity and solvency ratios

Table 4 shows that the SOS indicator for the period of 2012 increased by 323 thousand rubles, in 2013 it decreased by 346 thousand rubles. This means that after settlements on short-term obligations are made, the company will have nothing left at its disposal.

Based on the above calculations, we can say that all calculated liquidity ratios correspond to the criterion value. During 2012-2013 there was a decrease in the current ratio from 1.06 to 1.02. This ratio shows that short-term liabilities at the end of 2012 were greater than current assets. At the end of 2013, the current liquidity ratio was 1.02 with a standard of 1-3.

The quick liquidity ratio is essentially similar to the current liquidity ratio, but instead of the full volume of working capital, it uses only the amount of working capital that can be quickly converted into money (current assets minus inventories, VAT, long-term debt). The ratio shows the company's ability to pay off its short-term obligations in a relatively short time.

Quick liquidity ratios in the period 2011-2013. due to low inventories were equal to current ratios.

The most stringent criterion of solvency is the absolute liquidity ratio, which shows what part of short-term liabilities can be repaid immediately using available cash. But the absolute liquidity ratio, which characterizes the enterprise’s cash supply, at the end of 2012 was significantly below the norm. Only during 2011 did this coefficient reach the norm. With a standard of 0.03 - 0.08 in 2012, it was 0.019 and worsened by 0.001 by the end of 2013 compared to the beginning of the year.

A sharp decrease in the absolute liquidity ratio occurred due to the fact that at the end of 2012 the balance of funds in the current account of IP Bespoyasov A.B. decreased by 8263 thousand rubles. in the period 2011-2013.

In general, considering all liquidity ratios, the enterprise IP Bespoyasov A.B. can still be called liquid, since in most of the periods under consideration the obtained value corresponds to the standard value, although it is at the lower limit. Although the management of the enterprise should think about it, i.e. There is no upward trend in indicators, which is assessed negatively and does not give very favorable forecasts for the future.

The performance of an enterprise is characterized by indicators of profitability and profitability. These indicators seem to summarize the activities of the enterprise for the reporting period; they depend on many factors: the volume of products sold, cost intensity, production organization, etc.

1. Profitability of core activities.

ROD = profit from sales / Cost H 100%

ROD on con. 2011 = 3397 / 27694 H 100% = 12.27%

ROD on con. 2012 = 751 / 39625 H 100% = 1.89%

ROD on con. 2013 = -114 / 30450 H 100% = -0.34%

2. Sales profitability based on sales profit

RP = profit from sales / Revenue H 100%

RP on the line 2011 = 3397 / 17445 H 100% = 19.47%

RP on the line 2012 = 751 / 15685 H 100% = 4.79%

RP on the line 2013 = -114 / 14980 H 100% = -0.76%

3. Return on total assets

RCA = Net profit + interest payable / assets H 100%

RCA on con. 2011 = 2096 - 0 / 84254 H 100% = 2.49%

RCA on con. 2012 = 345 - 0 / 296966 H 100% = 0.12%

RCA on con. 2013 = -322 - 0 / 291238 H 100% = -0.11%

4. Return on invested capital

RIC = Net profit + interest payable / Own capital + d/av. borrowed funds H 100%

RIC on con. 2011 = 2096 - 0 / 6309 H 100% = 33.22%

RIC on con. 2012 = 345 - 0 / 6676 H 100% = 5.17%

RIC on con. 2013 = -322 - 0 / 6378 H 100% = -5.05%

5. Return on sales based on net profit

RNP = Net profit / revenue H 100%

RChP at stake. 2011 = 2096 / 17445 H 100% = 12.01%

RChP at stake. 2012 = 345 / 15685 H 100% = 2.19%

RChP at stake. 2013 = -322 / 14980 H 100% = -2.15%

We summarize the obtained data in Table 5.

Table 5 - Summary table of profitability indicators, %

From the calculations made, it can be seen that the profitability of core activities at the end of 2012 was 1.89%, which is 10.38% lower than in 2011. In 2013, this figure decreased by another 2.23% and became -0.34%.

The return on sales indicator, which characterizes the efficiency of production and commercial activities, shows that at the end of 2012 the return on sales was 4.79%, which is 14.68% less than at the end of 2011. In 2013, this figure was negative -0.76%. The decrease in the return on sales ratio was due to a decrease in net profit in 2012 and 2013.

Return on total capital by the end of 2012 decreased compared to 2011 by 2.37%, at the end of 2013 this coefficient was also negative -0.11%; and the return on invested capital decreased by 28.05% and amounted to 5.17% by the end of 2012. This happened as a result of:

Decrease in net profit;

Reducing the amount of equity capital.

At the end of 2012, the return on sales on net profit decreased by 9.82% and amounted to 2.19%. At the end of 2013, this indicator was also negative - 2.15%.

In practice, the following ratio should be observed:

Current assets< (собственный капитал Ч 2 - внеоборотные активы)

End of 2011 = 82838 > (6309 H 2 -1416) = 11202

End of 2012 = 296067 > (6654 H 2 - 899) = 12409

End of 2013 = 290645 > (6332 H 2 - 594) = 12070

According to the balance sheet of the analyzed organization, IP Bespoyasov A.B. the above condition is not met in both periods, therefore, the organization is, according to the calculation results, highly financially dependent.

This is the simplest and most approximate way to assess financial stability. In practice, different methods for analyzing financial stability can be used. In this work, an assessment of the financial stability of an enterprise will be applied based on an analysis of the ratio of equity and debt capital.

The financial condition of an enterprise and its stability largely depend on the optimal structure of capital sources (the ratio of fixed and borrowed funds) and on the optimal structure of the enterprise's assets and, first of all, on the ratio of fixed and working capital.

Therefore, at the beginning it is necessary to analyze the structure of the enterprise’s sources and assess the degree of financial stability and financial risk. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate the following indicators.

1. Ratio of concentration of equity capital (financial autonomy, independence)

KSK = enterprise equity / balance sheet currency

KSK on con. 2011 = 6309 / 84254 = 0.07

KSK on con. 2012 = 6654 / 296966 = 0.02

KSK on con. 2013 = 6332 / 291238 = 0.02

2. Debt capital concentration ratio - shows what part of the enterprise’s assets is formed from long-term and short-term borrowed funds

KZK = borrowed funds / balance sheet currency

KPC on the line. 2011 = 77946 / 84254 = 0.93

KPC on the line. 2012 = 290290 + 22 / 296966 = 0.98

KPC on the line. 2013 = 46 + 284860 / 291238 = 0.98

3. Financial dependence coefficient - shows how much of the enterprise’s assets accounts for 1 ruble of its own funds

KFZ = balance sheet currency / enterprise equity

KFZ at stake. 2011 = 84254 / 6309 = 13.35

KFZ at stake. 2012 = 296966 / 6654 = 44.63

KFZ at stake. 2013 = 291238 / 6332 = 45.99

4. Current debt ratio - shows what part of the assets was formed through a network of short-term borrowed resources

KTZ = short-term liabilities / balance sheet currency

KTZ on con. 2011 = 77946 / 84254 = 0.93

KTZ on con. 2012 = 290290 / 296966 = 0.98

KTZ on con. 2013 = 284860 / 291238 = 0.98

5. Sustainable financing ratio - characterizes that part of the balance sheet assets formed from sustainable sources

KUZ = equity capital + long-term liabilities / balance sheet currency

KUZ on horseback. 2011 = 6309 / 84254 = 0.07

KUZ on horseback. 2012 = 6654 + 22 / 296966 = 0.02

KUZ on horseback. 2013 = 6332 + 46 / 291238 = 0.02

6. Financial independence coefficient of capitalized sources

KNKI = equity capital / equity capital + long-term liabilities

KNKI on the line. 2011 = 6309 / 6309 = 1

KNKI on the line. 2012 = 6654 / 6654+ 22 = 0.99

KNKI on the line. 2013 = 6332 / 6332 + 46 = 0.99

7. Financial dependence ratio of capitalized sources

KLKI = long-term liabilities / equity + long-term liabilities

KZKI on con. 2011 = 0

KZKI on con. 2012 = 22 / 6654+ 22 = 0.003

KZKI on con. 2013 = 46 / 6332 + 46 = 0.007

8. Debt coverage ratio with equity capital (solvency ratio)

KPOKR = equity capital / debt capital

KPOKR on the line. 2011 = 6309 / 77946 = 0.08

KPOKR on the line. 2012 = 6654 / 290290 = 0.02

KPOKR on the line. 2013 = 6332 / 284860 = 0.02

9. Financial leverage ratio or financial risk ratio

CFL = debt capital / equity capital

CFL at stake 2011 = 77946 / 6309 = 12.35

CFL at stake 2012 = 290290 / 6654 = 43.63

CFL at stake 2013 = 284860 / 6332 = 44.99

The results of the calculations must be summarized in a single table (Table 6).

Table 6 - Summary table of financial stability coefficients

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We begin the analysis of the financial condition with a horizontal analysis of the enterprise.

financial stability capital asset

Table 2 - Horizontal analysis of balance sheet assets

The table shows that non-current assets during 2011-2013. were constantly declining. In 2012, assets decreased by 517 thousand rubles. compared to 2011. In 2013, non-current assets decreased by 33.93% compared to 2012.

Current assets in 2012 increased by 213,229 thousand rubles. or by 318.16% compared to 2011. However, in 2013 they decreased by 5,422 thousand rubles.

The changes resulting from Section III occurred due to changes in retained earnings. In the period 2011-2012 it grew by 8.82%, and in the period 2012-2013. decreased by 322 thousand rubles.

There were no long-term commitments in 2011. In 2012-2013, the change was 24 thousand rubles. or 109.09%. Short-term liabilities in 2012 increased compared to 2011 by 272.42%; in 2013 they decreased by 5,430 thousand rubles. in relation to 2012.

The total balance sheet in 2012 increased by 212,712 thousand rubles. or by 252.47%, in 2013 it decreased by 5,728 thousand rubles.

After a horizontal analysis of the enterprise's balance sheet has been carried out, it is necessary to conduct a vertical analysis (Table 3).

Table 3 - Vertical analysis of balance sheet liabilities

Thus, the main share of the balance sheet assets is made up of current assets. In 2011, their share was 98.32%, in 2012 the share increased to 99.7%, and in 2013 they increased by 0.1% and became 99.8%.

The liabilities side of the balance sheet is dominated by short-term liabilities. They occupy 92.51% in 2011, 97.75% in 2012, 97.81% in 2013. Thus, their constant growth is observed.

Also in the structure of liabilities one can distinguish the share of equity capital. It decreased during the period under review (2011-2013): from 7.49% in 2011 to 2.17% in 2013. The share of long-term liabilities is insignificant.

The company's own working capital is calculated as follows:

SOS = E + LTL - LTA or SOS = CA - CL

where E is the capital of the owners of the company (the result of section III of the balance sheet); LTL - long-term liabilities (result of section IV of the balance sheet); CA - current assets (result of section II of the balance sheet); CL - short-term liabilities (result of section V of the balance sheet).

Being absolute, the solvency indicator is not suitable for spatio-temporal comparisons, therefore, relative indicators - liquidity ratios - are more actively used in the analysis. It is customary to distinguish three groups of current assets, differing from the point of view of their participation in the repayment of settlements - inventories, accounts receivable and cash and cash equivalents. The above division of current assets into groups makes it possible to introduce basic analytical coefficients that can be used for a general assessment of the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise.

ксr = current assets / short-term liabilities

kgr = accounts receivable + cash / short-term liabilities

kmr = cash/current liabilities

Let's calculate these indicators for IP Bespoyasov A.B.

SOScon indicator. 2011 = 6309 - 0 = 6309

SOScon. 2012 = 6654 - 22 = 6632

SOScon. 2013 = 6332 - 46 = 6286

Current ratio:

ksr con. 2011 = 82838 / 77946 = 1.06

ksr con. 2012 = 296067 / 290290 = 1.02

ksr con. 2013 = 290645 / 284860 = 1.02

Quick ratio:

kgr con. 2011 = 82838 - 81 / 77946 = 1.06

kgr con. 2012 = = 296067 - 110 / 290290 = 1.02

kgr con. 2013 = 290645 - 117 / 284860 = 1.02

Absolute liquidity ratio:

kmr con. 2011 = 13366 / 77946 = 0.17

kmr con. 2012 = 5376 / 290290 = 0.019

kmr con. 2013 = 5103 / 284860 = 0.018

The obtained data must be summarized in a table.

Table 4 - Summary table of liquidity and solvency ratios

Table 4 shows that the SOS indicator for the period of 2012 increased by 323 thousand rubles, in 2013 it decreased by 346 thousand rubles. This means that after settlements on short-term obligations are made, the company will have nothing left at its disposal.

Based on the above calculations, we can say that all calculated liquidity ratios correspond to the criterion value. During 2012-2013 there was a decrease in the current ratio from 1.06 to 1.02. This ratio shows that short-term liabilities at the end of 2012 were greater than current assets. At the end of 2013, the current liquidity ratio was 1.02 with a standard of 1-3.

The quick liquidity ratio is essentially similar to the current liquidity ratio, but instead of the full volume of working capital, it uses only the amount of working capital that can be quickly converted into money (current assets minus inventories, VAT, long-term debt). The ratio shows the company's ability to pay off its short-term obligations in a relatively short time.

Quick liquidity ratios in the period 2011-2013. due to low inventories were equal to current ratios.

The most stringent criterion of solvency is the absolute liquidity ratio, which shows what part of short-term liabilities can be repaid immediately using available cash. But the absolute liquidity ratio, which characterizes the enterprise’s cash supply, at the end of 2012 was significantly below the norm. Only during 2011 did this coefficient reach the norm. With a standard of 0.03 - 0.08 in 2012, it was 0.019 and worsened by 0.001 by the end of 2013 compared to the beginning of the year.

A sharp decrease in the absolute liquidity ratio occurred due to the fact that at the end of 2012 the balance of funds in the current account of IP Bespoyasov A.B. decreased by 8263 thousand rubles. in the period 2011-2013.

In general, considering all liquidity ratios, the enterprise IP Bespoyasov A.B. can still be called liquid, since in most of the periods under consideration the obtained value corresponds to the standard value, although it is at the lower limit. Although the management of the enterprise should think about it, i.e. There is no upward trend in indicators, which is assessed negatively and does not give very favorable forecasts for the future.

The performance of an enterprise is characterized by indicators of profitability and profitability. These indicators seem to summarize the activities of the enterprise for the reporting period; they depend on many factors: the volume of products sold, cost intensity, production organization, etc.

1. Profitability of core activities.

ROD = profit from sales / Cost H 100%

ROD on con. 2011 = 3397 / 27694 H 100% = 12.27%

ROD on con. 2012 = 751 / 39625 H 100% = 1.89%

ROD on con. 2013 = -114 / 30450 H 100% = -0.34%

2. Sales profitability based on sales profit

RP = profit from sales / Revenue H 100%

RP on the line 2011 = 3397 / 17445 H 100% = 19.47%

RP on the line 2012 = 751 / 15685 H 100% = 4.79%

RP on the line 2013 = -114 / 14980 H 100% = -0.76%

3. Return on total assets

RCA = Net profit + interest payable / assets H 100%

RCA on con. 2011 = 2096 - 0 / 84254 H 100% = 2.49%

RCA on con. 2012 = 345 - 0 / 296966 H 100% = 0.12%

RCA on con. 2013 = -322 - 0 / 291238 H 100% = -0.11%

4. Return on invested capital

RIC = Net profit + interest payable / Own capital + d/av. borrowed funds H 100%

RIC on con. 2011 = 2096 - 0 / 6309 H 100% = 33.22%

RIC on con. 2012 = 345 - 0 / 6676 H 100% = 5.17%

RIC on con. 2013 = -322 - 0 / 6378 H 100% = -5.05%

5. Return on sales based on net profit

RNP = Net profit / revenue H 100%

RChP at stake. 2011 = 2096 / 17445 H 100% = 12.01%

RChP at stake. 2012 = 345 / 15685 H 100% = 2.19%

RChP at stake. 2013 = -322 / 14980 H 100% = -2.15%

We summarize the obtained data in Table 5.

Table 5 - Summary table of profitability indicators, %

From the calculations made, it can be seen that the profitability of core activities at the end of 2012 was 1.89%, which is 10.38% lower than in 2011. In 2013, this figure decreased by another 2.23% and became -0.34%.

The return on sales indicator, which characterizes the efficiency of production and commercial activities, shows that at the end of 2012 the return on sales was 4.79%, which is 14.68% less than at the end of 2011. In 2013, this figure was negative -0.76%. The decrease in the return on sales ratio was due to a decrease in net profit in 2012 and 2013.

Return on total capital by the end of 2012 decreased compared to 2011 by 2.37%, at the end of 2013 this coefficient was also negative -0.11%; and the return on invested capital decreased by 28.05% and amounted to 5.17% by the end of 2012. This happened as a result of:

Decrease in net profit;

Reducing the amount of equity capital.

At the end of 2012, the return on sales on net profit decreased by 9.82% and amounted to 2.19%. At the end of 2013, this indicator was also negative - 2.15%.

In practice, the following ratio should be observed:

Current assets< (собственный капитал Ч 2 - внеоборотные активы)

End of 2011 = 82838 > (6309 H 2 -1416) = 11202

End of 2012 = 296067 > (6654 H 2 - 899) = 12409

End of 2013 = 290645 > (6332 H 2 - 594) = 12070

According to the balance sheet of the analyzed organization, IP Bespoyasov A.B. the above condition is not met in both periods, therefore, the organization is, according to the calculation results, highly financially dependent.

This is the simplest and most approximate way to assess financial stability. In practice, different methods for analyzing financial stability can be used. In this work, an assessment of the financial stability of an enterprise will be applied based on an analysis of the ratio of equity and debt capital.

The financial condition of an enterprise and its stability largely depend on the optimal structure of capital sources (the ratio of fixed and borrowed funds) and on the optimal structure of the enterprise's assets and, first of all, on the ratio of fixed and working capital.

Therefore, at the beginning it is necessary to analyze the structure of the enterprise’s sources and assess the degree of financial stability and financial risk. For this purpose, it is necessary to calculate the following indicators.

1. Ratio of concentration of equity capital (financial autonomy, independence)

KSK = enterprise equity / balance sheet currency

KSK on con. 2011 = 6309 / 84254 = 0.07

KSK on con. 2012 = 6654 / 296966 = 0.02

KSK on con. 2013 = 6332 / 291238 = 0.02

2. Debt capital concentration ratio - shows what part of the enterprise’s assets is formed from long-term and short-term borrowed funds

KZK = borrowed funds / balance sheet currency

KPC on the line. 2011 = 77946 / 84254 = 0.93

KPC on the line. 2012 = 290290 + 22 / 296966 = 0.98

KPC on the line. 2013 = 46 + 284860 / 291238 = 0.98

3. Financial dependence coefficient - shows how much of the enterprise’s assets accounts for 1 ruble of its own funds

KFZ = balance sheet currency / enterprise equity

KFZ at stake. 2011 = 84254 / 6309 = 13.35

KFZ at stake. 2012 = 296966 / 6654 = 44.63

KFZ at stake. 2013 = 291238 / 6332 = 45.99

4. Current debt ratio - shows what part of the assets was formed through a network of short-term borrowed resources

KTZ = short-term liabilities / balance sheet currency

KTZ on con. 2011 = 77946 / 84254 = 0.93

KTZ on con. 2012 = 290290 / 296966 = 0.98

KTZ on con. 2013 = 284860 / 291238 = 0.98

5. Sustainable financing ratio - characterizes that part of the balance sheet assets formed from sustainable sources

KUZ = equity capital + long-term liabilities / balance sheet currency

KUZ on horseback. 2011 = 6309 / 84254 = 0.07

KUZ on horseback. 2012 = 6654 + 22 / 296966 = 0.02

KUZ on horseback. 2013 = 6332 + 46 / 291238 = 0.02

6. Financial independence coefficient of capitalized sources

KNKI = equity capital / equity capital + long-term liabilities

KNKI on the line. 2011 = 6309 / 6309 = 1

KNKI on the line. 2012 = 6654 / 6654+ 22 = 0.99

KNKI on the line. 2013 = 6332 / 6332 + 46 = 0.99

7. Financial dependence ratio of capitalized sources

KLKI = long-term liabilities / equity + long-term liabilities

KZKI on con. 2011 = 0

KZKI on con. 2012 = 22 / 6654+ 22 = 0.003

KZKI on con. 2013 = 46 / 6332 + 46 = 0.007

8. Debt coverage ratio with equity capital (solvency ratio)

KPOKR = equity capital / debt capital

KPOKR on the line. 2011 = 6309 / 77946 = 0.08

KPOKR on the line. 2012 = 6654 / 290290 = 0.02

KPOKR on the line. 2013 = 6332 / 284860 = 0.02

9. Financial leverage ratio or financial risk ratio

CFL = debt capital / equity capital

CFL at stake 2011 = 77946 / 6309 = 12.35

CFL at stake 2012 = 290290 / 6654 = 43.63

CFL at stake 2013 = 284860 / 6332 = 44.99

The results of the calculations must be summarized in a single table (Table 6).

Table 6 - Summary table of financial stability coefficients

From the calculations made, we can conclude that IP Bespoyasov A.B. is not a financially sustainable enterprise. The concentration ratio of own and borrowed funds indicates that the shares of own and borrowed funds were 0.07 and 0.93 at the end of 2011, 0.02 and 0.98 at the end of 2012, 0.02 and 0.98 at the end 2013, which, of course, is assessed negatively and indicates a decrease in the level of financial stability and an increase in the level of dependence on external investors. The coefficients are growing over time.

The financial dependence ratio at the end of 2011 indicates that for every ruble of own funds invested in the assets of the enterprise, there are 13.35 rubles. raised funds. By the end of 2012, this figure increases to 44.63. In 2013, this figure is 45.99 rubles. An increase in the indicator in dynamics indicates an increase in the enterprise’s dependence on external investors and creditors.

The current debt ratio shows that at the end of 2011 the part of assets that was formed from borrowed resources was 93%; by the end of 2012 the figure increased to 98%; in 2013 it was also 98%.

The sustainable financing ratio also confirms the above: at the end of 2011, the part of assets that was formed from sustainable sources was 7%%, at the end of 2012 - 2%. In 2013, this figure was also 2%. This also indicates the financial instability of the enterprise.

The increase in the debt coverage ratio with equity capital indicates that at the end of 2011, the enterprise could compensate 8% of all debts with its equity capital; by the end of 2012-2013 it dropped to 2%.

An increase in the financial leverage indicator is a negative factor and indicates a decrease in the level of financial stability, the degree of creditworthiness, and an increase in the risk of loan default.

So, after analyzing the structure and dynamics of sources of funds and conducting a coefficient analysis of the financial stability of IP Bespoyasov A.B., we can draw the following conclusions. The capital structure of this enterprise is dominated by raised funds, the share of which is increasing. Founder of IP Bespoyasov A.B. I chose to invest a minimum of my own funds in it and finance it with borrowed money. Many business owners prefer smart growth over leverage. However, the structure “equity - borrowed funds” of this enterprise has a significant bias towards debt. This fact indicates a high degree of dependence of the enterprise on external creditors and a low degree of financial stability. Those. if several creditors demand the return of their funds, the company will simply go bankrupt. In addition, creditors are more willing to invest their funds in a company with a high share of equity capital, since such a company has significant financial independence and, therefore, is more likely to be able to pay off its debts using its own funds. To increase financial autonomy, an enterprise should increase its profitability in the long term, and in the structure of borrowed capital, reduce the share of short-term liabilities and increase the share of long-term ones.

CONCLUSION

The financial stability of an organization is the state of its financial resources, their distribution and use, which ensures the development of the organization based on the growth of profits and capital while maintaining solvency, creditworthiness and guaranteed investment attractiveness under conditions of an acceptable level of risk. The financial stability of an enterprise plays an extremely important role in ensuring the sustainable development of both individual enterprises and society as a whole. Analysis of financial stability allows you to determine the effectiveness of managing the financial resources of an enterprise.

After analyzing the structure and dynamics of sources of funds and conducting a coefficient analysis of the financial stability of IP Bespoyasov A.B., the following conclusions can be drawn. The capital structure of this enterprise is dominated by raised funds, the share of which is increasing. Founder of IP Bespoyasov A.B. I chose to invest a minimum of my own funds in it and finance it with borrowed money. Many business owners prefer smart growth over leverage. However, the structure “equity - borrowed funds” of this enterprise has a significant bias towards debt. This fact indicates a high degree of dependence of the enterprise on external creditors and a low degree of financial stability. Those. if several creditors demand the return of their funds, the company will simply go bankrupt. In addition, creditors are more willing to invest their funds in a company with a high share of equity capital, since such a company has significant financial independence and, therefore, is more likely to be able to pay off its debts using its own funds. To increase financial autonomy, an enterprise should increase its profitability in the long term, and in the structure of borrowed capital, reduce the share of short-term liabilities and increase the share of long-term ones.

Balance sheet in the system for monitoring the financial condition of an enterprise. The concept of the financial condition of the enterprise. The balance sheet is the central link in the accounting of the economic activities of an enterprise. The financial condition of an enterprise is one of the most important characteristics of business in a market economy.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN

Faculty of Management and

Finance Department of Management and Finance

REPORT ON PRE-GRADUATE PRACTICE

Work is done

Introduction

1. General characteristics of the enterprise IP “Odezhda”

2. Analysis of the dynamics of the product range and the structure of turnover

3. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise

4. Analysis of personnel management at the enterprise IP “Odezhda”

4.1. The influence of the external and internal environment on the management process

4.2. Efficiency in the use of labor resources

Conclusion

List of sources and literature used

Application

INTRODUCTION

In the process of transition to a market economy, society is experiencing systemic transformations in all spheres of its life - political, legal, economic, social. Problems of an economic nature include the development and support of small businesses.

One of the components of modern management is the study of the principles and techniques of managing enterprises managed by individual entrepreneurs as a specific form of business organization in a market economy, since it is in these enterprises that goods that are significant for the population circulate, they are characterized by the widest range of functions and methods of financial management and can Some unified approaches to financial decision-making should be developed.

It cannot be denied that today the world has already accumulated a variety of experience in many issues of managing enterprises run by individual entrepreneurs, but the study of methods for analyzing and assessing the performance indicators of managerial work and the management system of such an enterprise remains relevant.

Based on this, it becomes necessary to take a fundamentally new approach to priorities in the organizational structure of the basic principles and methods of work of individual entrepreneurs, assessing the management efficiency of this type of enterprise, and the management methods used that directly affect the efficiency of personnel as an object of management in a modern management system.

Personnel management is a set of principles, methods, means and forms of influencing the interests, behavior and activities of employees in order to maximize the use of their intellectual and physical abilities when performing work functions.

Personnel management is recognized as one of the most important areas of an enterprise’s life, capable of greatly increasing its efficiency, and the very concept of “personnel management” is considered in a fairly wide range: from economic-statistical to philosophical-psychological.

To ensure the survival of an enterprise in modern conditions, management personnel must, first of all, be able to realistically assess the financial condition of both their enterprise and existing potential competitors.

An important role in the implementation of this task is given to the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise. With its help, a strategy and tactics for the development of an enterprise is developed, plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, ways to improve the efficiency of commercial activities are identified, and the results of the activities of the enterprise, its divisions and employees are assessed.

Financial condition is the most important characteristic of the economic activity of an enterprise; it determines competitiveness, potential in business cooperation, assesses the extent to which the economic interests of the enterprise itself and its partners are guaranteed in financial and production terms. However, the ability to realistically assess the financial condition is not enough for the successful functioning of an enterprise and its achievement of its goal.

Analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise is based on data from financial statements, which are essentially the “face” of the enterprise. It is a system of generalized indicators that characterize the results of the financial activities of an enterprise.

Financial reporting data serve as the main sources of information for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise. Indeed, in order to make a decision, it is necessary to analyze the availability of financial resources, the feasibility and efficiency of their placement and use, the solvency of the enterprise, its financial relationships with partners. Evaluation of these indicators is necessary for effective enterprise management. With their help, managers plan, control, improve and improve the direction of their activities.

This practical study was carried out using the example of the work of IP “Clothing”.

The main task during pre-diploma internship was the following:

1) conduct a comprehensive analysis of the enterprise IP “Clothes”;

2) study the general characteristics of the enterprise and the system description of the enterprise and its immediate environment;

3) explore the control system;

4) study the main technical and economic indicators and results of financial and economic activities;

5) conduct an economic analysis.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTERPRISE IP “Clothes”

The IP "Clothing" enterprise is managed by an individual entrepreneur without forming a legal entity (short name of the enterprise: IP "Clothing"). Organizational and legal form - individual entrepreneur, without forming a legal entity. Her entrepreneurial activity is confirmed by a Certificate of entry into the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs

The main activity of the IP “Odezhda” enterprise is:

1) trade, trade-intermediary, intermediary and other commercial activities;

2) purchase and sale of clothing.

The main goal of the IP “Clothes” is to make a profit as a key indicator of the enterprise.

Profit growth at this enterprise is determined by the following factors:

1) satisfaction of the consumer or user of services;

2) market position, often associated with the desire for market leadership;

3) conditions for the well-being of workers at the enterprise and the development of good relations among staff;

4) public responsibility and image of the organization;

5) high level of labor;

6) minimizing costs, etc.

Director of the IP “Odezhda” enterprise:

1) has a seal, letterhead, trademark, emblem and other details;

2) has the right to open current and other accounts in banking institutions;

The main trading functions of the IP “Clothes” enterprise include:

2) provision of trade services to customers;

3) drawing up applications for the import of goods;

4) formation of an assortment of goods;

5) studying consumer demand for goods.

The director of IP "Odezhda" is guided by the following internal documents: certificate of an individual entrepreneur, collective agreement, provisions on remuneration, internal labor regulations, employment contracts.

The enterprise IP "Clothing" is liable for its debts and its obligations with all its property.

Profits from activities are used to reimburse material costs, make mandatory payments and deductions (pay taxes, pay employees, etc.). The remaining net profit is used for the development and expansion of the enterprise and other purposes at the discretion of the entrepreneur.

The number of personnel at IP “Odezhda” is determined based on functional feasibility; the total number of employees, according to the staffing table, is 16 people.

Let's consider the organizational structure of the enterprise IP "Clothes" (Fig. 1).

Issues of hiring and dismissal, forms, systems and amounts of remuneration, as well as other types of employee income are decided by the director of the enterprise IP “Odezhda” independently on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Rice. 1- Organizational structure of IP “Clothes”

The remuneration system for personnel is based on the use of a time-based bonus form. Remuneration of employees is based on official salaries and depends on the amount of time actually worked and the achievement of the final results of the enterprise.

Each employee of the IP “Clothes” enterprise has his own job responsibilities.

The management of the activities of the IP “Odezhda” enterprise is carried out by the director, who:

1) concludes agreements with legal entities and individuals;

2) carries out operational management of the activities of departments;

3) protects the property interests and business reputation of the enterprise;

4) concludes and terminates employment agreements (contracts) with employees in compliance with current legislation and staffing schedules;

5) determines the composition, number and wages of employees.

Job responsibilities of the chief accountant:

1) works with financial statements, internal and external documentation and correspondence;

2) deals with reports and transfers to tax and other government authorities;

3) makes payments to suppliers, as well as many other operations;

4) prepares payment orders in a timely manner;

5) controls the availability of all receipts for all goods;

6) hires and dismisses personnel.

Cashier responsibilities:

1) accepts cash from customers;

2) carries out intra-company settlements;

3) issues wages to employees as well as advances, travel allowances and other payments;

4) monitors the receipt and expenditure of funds during the day.

Manager's responsibilities:

1) for financial development, monitors settlements with suppliers and customers, debts;

2) controls the maintenance of expenditure and receipt documentation;

3) monitors the balance of goods in the warehouse, what and in what quantity of products the organization requires in the near future;

4) forecasts sales and places orders with suppliers.

Job responsibilities of a sales consultant:

1) consulting clients;

2) participates in sorting and labeling of goods;

3) attaches price labels indicating the name, article, price, sizes, monitors the availability of price tags;

4) meets clients, advises them on the assortment, demonstrates all types of product models, monitors the safety of the goods;

5) brings to the attention of the director about customer demand for certain goods;

6) complies with the rules of labor discipline;

7) accepts goods according to invoices.

According to Article 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the normal working hours of employees at the enterprise IP “Odezhda” does not exceed 40 hours per week. Legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the working hours of employees of all enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership.

A properly selected, united, qualified team is the main component of the success of an enterprise. It is the people working at the enterprise “Odezhda” that determine whether the enterprise will prosper or close. Only people who have a large supply of energy, who want to achieve high results, make a career and have a decent standard of living, as well as having a modern view of their goals and the ability to foresee the situation, are able to make the IP “Clothes” enterprise profitable.

When hiring for a job at the IP Clothes enterprise, special attention is paid to whether the employee has a secondary specialized or higher education. Any higher education, firstly, helps the employee communicate with the buyer at a decent level, and secondly, a university graduate knows how to learn marketing, knows how to do it, and the learning process itself is easier and faster for him.

Higher education, of course, helps the seller in his work, but much more important is the seller’s desire for self-realization, training, gaining experience in communicating with people, and sales experience.

As a rule, before the enterprise IP “Clothing” makes a decision to hire a candidate, he must go through several stages of selection:

1) preliminary selection conversation;

2) filling out the application form;

4) medical examination;

5) decision making.

Newcomers are hired, as a rule, with a probationary period. During the probationary period, an employee of the IP “Clothing” enterprise must learn to communicate professionally with the buyer, know the product range, use office equipment, software, and understand accounting and accompanying documentation.

Training is provided by senior colleagues. At the end of the probationary period, the commission of the IP “Clothes” enterprise checks how well the newcomer has remembered and assimilated the information and work system given to him, the opinions of experienced workers and those who worked with the newcomer are heard.

The hiring decision is made by the director. After which the following documents are prepared:

1) order for employment;

2) an employment contract is concluded;

3) an agreement on full individual financial responsibility;

4) obligation to non-disclose and maintain confidentiality of information constituting a trade secret;

5) entry in the work book.

The time for successful training depends on the beginner’s personal abilities, desire and desire to learn, communication skills, previous experience, especially in trading and internal external communications.

2. ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE PRODUCT RANGE AND STRUCTURE OF TRADE TURNOVER

IP "Odezhda" presents a wide range of clothing, shoes and accessories for young people. These are modern models of clothing and footwear from Russian and foreign manufacturers.

The entire assortment of the IP “Odezhda” enterprise can be divided into separate groups of goods (Fig. 2), which are offered by domestic and foreign manufacturers.

Fig. 2 - Analysis of the product range

1) a small group of products, which includes accessories;

2) a group of outerwear products for young people (jackets, down jackets, windbreakers);

3) a group of outerwear products for girls;

4) a group of casual clothing and footwear products for young people (sweaters, trousers, shirts, jeans, T-shirts, boots);

5) a group of casual clothing and footwear products for girls (trousers, skirts, shirts, jeans, sweaters, blouses, T-shirts, boots).

Men's and women's clothing products are presented in a wide range, different sizes, styles and colors. This:

1) outerwear (fur coats, coats, jackets, down jackets);

2) demi-season clothing (raincoats, jackets, windbreakers, vests);

3) casual clothes (trousers, skirts, sweaters, etc.) (Appendix A).

Buyers, with the help of sales staff, can choose the necessary item of the right size and style.

There are new collections of clothing on sale, as well as an assortment that has been on the shelves for a long time and does not arouse interest among young buyers due to the obsolescence of the models and inappropriateness of the season. These products make up a significant part of the total assortment, which makes it difficult to expand a new assortment.

The range of shoes makes up a small part of the total offer. The greatest interest among young people is caused by boots of the CAMELOT brand (Appendix B). These are high-soled shoes, all kinds of colors (red, blue, green, yellow), different models (low shoes, boots, sneakers). The rest of the range of shoes is not in demand among young people, since the models are long outdated.

To fully satisfy customer demand, the company monitors sales dynamics (which model sells best, which shoe size is in greatest demand) and, depending on this, makes an order that will correspond to the season and the goods will arrive on time.

The range of accessories includes:

1) hats, scarves, mittens, gloves

2) bags, backpacks, wallets, watches, chains, etc.

The enterprise IP “Clothes” has goods that are in high demand among consumers (these are mainly new collections of clothing and shoes or already favorite models). But there is also a group of goods for which the demand has decreased or is absent altogether (these are clothes and shoes that were not sold 1 year ago and are now of no interest to the consumer, since fashion has changed and the goods do not correspond to new fashion trends).

The main sources of goods supply are Moscow and St. Petersburg wholesale companies, where the necessary assortment is formed. The assortment is periodically updated with new models that are in high demand among customers.

The optimal structure of the product range should take into account the phase of the product life cycle in terms of the rate, growth of their sales volume in a given market and the share of sales volumes of these products in relation to the competitor’s share.

The analysis showed the predominance in the structure of trade turnover of the following product groups: women's outerwear (13.9%), teenage clothing (13.7%), sportswear (13.6%). The minimum share in turnover is occupied by watches (2.6%) and accessories (3.5%).

The growth rate of trade turnover was 100.17% (from 4304.6 thousand rubles to 4311.8 thousand rubles). Almost all product groups showed growth in absolute terms, with the exception of the watch product group (48.23%). The highest growth rates are for headwear (109.71%) and accessories (106.24%).

Table 1 - Information on the dynamics of the assortment and structure of turnover

Analysis of all of the above allows us to formulate a SWOT analysis of IP “Clothes”:

Let's identify the strengths of the enterprise IP "Clothes":

1) stable connections have been established with major consumers;

2) stable and mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers have been established;

3) the prospects and dynamism of the policy pursued by IP “Odezhda”;

4) knowledge and experience of the management team of the enterprise;

Let's identify weaknesses:

1) inflated prices for goods.

Thus, the enterprise’s capabilities lie in expanding the range of goods, increasing sales volume, and finding new suppliers.

3. ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE ENTERPRISE

3.1 Key performance indicators of the enterprise

The financial position of an enterprise is determined to a large extent by its business activity. The criteria for business activity include indicators that reflect the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the development of the enterprise’s activities, the volume of sales of goods and services, profit, and indicators of asset and liability turnover. This group of indicators characterizes how effectively the company uses its funds.

Without an analysis of the financial condition today, it becomes impossible for any economic entity to function, including those that, for certain reasons, do not pursue the goal of maximizing profits. If the efficiency of farming is a voluntary matter of the agent of economic activity, then financial reporting is mandatory

The sustainable activity of an enterprise depends both on the validity of the development strategy, marketing policy, on the effective use of all resources at its disposal, and on external conditions, which include tax, credit, and pricing policies of the state and market conditions. Because of this, the information base for analyzing the financial condition should be the reporting data of the enterprise, some specified economic parameters and options under which the external conditions of its activities change, which must be taken into account when making analytical assessments and making management decisions.

Accounting at the enterprise IP "Clothing" is carried out by the chief accountant. Let's look at the main performance indicators using the example of Table 2.

Table 2 - Main performance indicators of the enterprise IP “Odezhda” for 2007 – 2009

The analysis of business activity carried out in Table 2 shows that revenue from the sale of goods in 2008 compared to 2007 increased by 250.2 thousand rubles. or by 6.17%.

In 2009, the growth in sales revenue amounted to 7.2 thousand rubles compared to 2008. or 0.17%.

The cost of goods sold in the enterprise IP "Clothes" in 2007 amounted to 3765.5 thousand rubles, in 2008 - 3965.6 thousand rubles, in 2009 - 3973 thousand rubles, that is, there is an increase in cost by 200.1 thousand rubles. or 5.31% in 2007 compared to 2008 and a reduction of 286 thousand rubles. or 0.72% in 2009 compared to 2008.

The gross profit of IP "Clothing" for the period under study has a pronounced upward trend. So, in 2007 it amounted to 288.9 thousand rubles, in 2008 - 339 thousand rubles, in 2009 - 374.8 thousand rubles. In 2008 it was 10.56%, and in 2009 - 17.34%.

The ongoing changes were reflected in the growth of the return on sales indicator. Return on sales is calculated by dividing the profit from the sale of products, works and services or net profit by the amount of revenue received.

R p2007 = (288.9 thousand rubles / 4054.4 thousand rubles) * 100% = 7.13%

R p2008 = (339 thousand rubles / 4304.6 thousand rubles) * 100% = 7.88%

R p2009 = (374.8 thousand rubles / 4311.8 thousand rubles) * 100% = 8.69%

As the above calculations show, the profitability of sales of IP “Clothes” increased during the analyzed period from 7.13% to 8.69%, which positively characterizes the commercial activities of the enterprise.

Thus, in general, for the period 2007 - 2009. There is a growth trend in key performance indicators. At the moment, the number of employees of IP “Odezhda” is 16 people.

To analyze the efficiency indicators of the use of labor resources of IP "Clothes" for 2007 - 2009. Let's make table 3.

Table 3 - Main indicators of the efficiency of use of labor resources of IP "Clothes" for 2007 - 2009

The average monthly salary of an employee was 8.11 thousand rubles in 2007, 9.82 thousand rubles in 2008, and 11.94 thousand rubles in 2009. The average monthly salary also shows an upward trend: in 2008, compared to 2009, there was an increase in the average monthly salary by 1,850 rubles. by 23.21%, in 2009 compared to 2008 - by 1120 rubles, or 11.41%. Labor productivity growth rates in 2008-2009 significantly lower than the growth rate of wages, which indicates the predominance of the extensive type of development and low efficiency of use of the enterprise’s labor resources.

3.2 Efficiency of use of fixed assets

Analysis and assessment of the efficiency of an enterprise are the final stage of financial analysis. Its implementation is the prerogative of the highest level of management structures of the enterprise. At the same time, the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of private management decisions on issues of production and sales of products, and the use of enterprise funds are assessed.

Fixed assets are part of the production assets, which are materially embodied in the means of labor, retain their natural form for a long time, transfer the cost to the product in parts and are reimbursed only after several production cycles. To characterize the efficiency of using the enterprise's fixed assets, let's draw up Table 4.

Table 4 - Indicators of the efficiency of use of fixed assets of IP "Clothes" for 2007-2009

Capital productivity is an indicator of sales of goods per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets. This indicator characterizes the efficiency of using the enterprise's fixed assets. In 2007, per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise there were 2.93 rubles. from the sale of goods, in 2008 - 3.05 rubles, in 2009 - 2.93 rubles. Thus, there is an increase in capital productivity by 0.12 rubles. or 3.93% in 2008 compared to 2007, and a decrease of 0.12 rubles. or 3.84% in 2009 compared to the 2008 level.

The efficiency of using fixed assets of an enterprise can also be characterized by the capital intensity indicator. Capital intensity is the inverse indicator of capital productivity. In 2007, per ruble of revenue from the sale of goods accounted for 0.34 rubles. cost of fixed assets, in 2008 - 0.33 rubles, in 2009 - 0.34 rubles. Reducing capital intensity (increasing capital productivity) means increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets.

The capital-labor ratio characterizes the enterprise's provision with fixed assets and is calculated by dividing the average annual cost of fixed assets by the number of employees. From the analysis of the indicator it follows that the enterprise's provision with fixed assets decreased slightly in 2008, as evidenced by the decrease in the capital-labor ratio from 552.60 thousand rubles per person. up to 542.81 thousand rubles/person. In 2009, it increases by 22.60 thousand rubles per person or by 4.16%.

We calculate return on fixed capital by dividing profit from sales by the average annual cost of fixed assets. This figure increases from 20.91% to 24.02% in 2008 compared to 2004 and to 25.50% in 2009.

Thus, we can conclude that the use of fixed assets in the analyzed period at IP “Clothes” was quite effective.

Along with fixed assets, the availability of an optimal amount of working capital is of great importance for the operation of an enterprise. Working capital is a set of funds advanced to create circulating production assets and circulation funds that ensure a continuous circulation of funds. To characterize the efficiency of using the company’s working capital, let’s draw up Table 5.

Table 5 - Indicators of the efficiency of using working capital of IP "Clothes" for 2007 - 2009

Profitability indicators are relative characteristics of the financial results and efficiency of an enterprise. They measure the profitability of an enterprise from various perspectives.

The average annual cost of working capital is determined using the simple arithmetic average formula based on balance sheet data. The average annual cost of working capital increases during the analyzed period from 2474 thousand rubles. up to 2694.75 thousand rubles. (by 8.92%) in 2008 compared to 2007. In 2009, the average annual cost of working capital amounted to 2969.8 thousand rubles, which is 10.21% more than in 2008.

The turnover ratio is determined by dividing the volume of product sales by the average balance of working capital at the enterprise. The duration of one turnover in days is found by dividing the number of days in the period by the turnover ratio. Working capital turnover is quite low throughout 2007-2009. In 2007, one turnover was completed in 220 days (turnover ratio - 1.64), in 2008, working capital turnover decreased to 1.60 turnovers per year (turnover duration - 225 days), in 2009, one turnover was completed in 248 days ( turnover ratio - 1.45).

The trend is increasing for 2007-2009. reveals the return on working capital indicator. In 2007, for every ruble of working capital, 11.68 kopecks were received. net profit, in 2008 compared to 2007, profitability increased by 0.90 points and amounted to 12.58%, in 2009, return on working capital increased to 12.62%.

Thus, the activities of IP "Clothes" for the period 2007 - 2009. characterized by an increase in sales revenue, an increase in the profitability of sales, an increase in the profitability of fixed and working assets.

However, the enterprise under study also has a negative trend (especially for trading enterprises) - a decrease in the working capital turnover ratio, a decrease in capital productivity and labor productivity

Thus, despite the positive trend in changes in individual indicators characterizing organizational and economic activity, it is impossible to draw an unambiguous conclusion about an increase or decrease in the efficiency of the enterprise.

4. ANALYSIS OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AT THE ENTERPRISE IP “Odezhda”

4.1 The influence of the external and internal environment on the management process

The tasks of managing the enterprise IP "Clothes" are determined by the interests of its owner, the amount of capital and the environment.

The most important tasks of the enterprise are:

1) receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise;

2) providing consumers with the enterprise’s goods;

3) providing the enterprise’s personnel with wages, normal working conditions and opportunities for professional growth;

4) creation of jobs for the population;

5) environmental protection;

6) preventing disruptions in the operation of the enterprise.

Let's consider the enterprise personnel management system.

The object of management of an enterprise (object of management of an enterprise) is its team in the process of production and economic activity, which consists in performing work to provide services to the population.

The process of personnel management of an enterprise, regardless of its content, always involves the receipt, transmission, processing and use of information. When studying an enterprise as a socio-economic system, it is necessary to consider the internal and external environment in a certain economic space. The objectives of the enterprise are determined by the external and internal environment.

The internal environment of an enterprise is people, means of production, information and money. Internal situational factors typically include goals, structures, tasks, technologies, and the people working in the organization. The manager forms and changes, when necessary, the internal environment of the enterprise.

The external environment of the enterprise is, first of all, consumers of products, suppliers of production components, as well as government agencies and the population. Environmental factors mean the force with which changes in a given factor affect other factors. The external environment of an enterprise includes a list of elements such as consumers, competitors, government agencies, suppliers, financial organizations, labor resources, culture, and demographics.

Let's consider the main factors of the external environment of the enterprise IP "O" (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3 - Main factors of the enterprise’s external environment.

Environmental factors can be considered in the following areas: economics, politics, markets, technology, international economic relations, competition, social behavior and social expectations.

The external environment is divided into microenvironment - the environment of direct influence on the enterprise, which is created by suppliers, consumers of products, competitors, etc.; macroenvironment - natural, demographic, scientific, technical, economic, political and international.

The enterprise IP “Odezhda” works with a fairly large number of suppliers, but the main part of them are large wholesale enterprises that have proven themselves on the market on the positive side:

1) Amitex LLC - specializes in selling clothing of excellent European quality from the White Mountains brand;

2) Estibi LLC - specializes in the sale of women's and men's shoes;

3) Piama LLC - specializes in the sale of women's and men's clothing;

4) Storm Trade LLC - specializes in the sale of hats and hosiery.

5) LLC "Children's Style" - specializes in the sale of European children's clothing.

In order to establish the process of enterprise management, it is necessary to carry out a set of interrelated works: organize a community of people, set goals, form an organizational structure, provide the necessary conditions and objects of labor, financial and information resources. The listed works are always carried out during the formation of the management process, which will allow us to characterize the organization of enterprise management as an action through which the socio-economic system of the enterprise is created.

Let's consider the basic principles of personnel management of the IP "O" enterprise:

1) loyalty to everyone working at the enterprise;

2) responsibility as a prerequisite for successful management;

3) improving the quality of communications;

4) revealing the abilities of workers;

6) perfection of methods of working with people;

7) consistency of joint work;

8) ethical business;

9) honesty, fairness and trust;

10) constant control over the quality of work.

The external balance of the enterprise is achieved by the formation of a business strategy, the internal - by the organizational concept.

The management process is a composition of these two interpenetrating processes. External equilibrium in the long term can only be achieved if balance is achieved. Within the framework of the systems approach, the raison d'être of an enterprise can be defined as the desire of an artificial system to achieve goals.

Qualitative improvement is carried out through the use of new forms of remuneration at the enterprise IP “Clothing”. It follows that one of the management functions of the IP “Clothing” enterprise is to improve the forms of remuneration and the interrelations of elements of the socio-economic system in accordance with environmental changes.

One of the functions of management is to improve the structure and interrelations of elements of the socio-economic system in accordance with environmental changes.

Let's consider the components of the enterprise strategy of IP "O" (Fig. 4)

Rice. 4 - Components of the enterprise strategy of IP “Clothes”

Each impact presupposes that the head of the IP “Clothing” must identify problems and clearly formulate tasks for staff to solve them, a time interval, limits of permissible deviations, and indicate the persons responsible for executing the decision.

Thus, qualitative improvement of the personnel management process is carried out through the use of new forms of remuneration at the enterprise IP “Clothing”. We consider it necessary to consider the effectiveness of the use of the enterprise’s labor resources by the head of IP “Clothing”.

4.2Efficiency of use of labor resources

Personnel management is the basis of the enterprise management of IP "Clothes". The effectiveness of personnel management is determined by the degree of implementation of the overall goals of the enterprise, and the effectiveness of the use of each individual employee depends on his ability to perform the required functions and the motivation with which these functions are performed.

The enterprise IP "Odezhda" is a personnel management system, which is characterized by the following parameters:

1) compliance of personnel with the goals and mission of the enterprise (level of education, qualifications, understanding of the mission, attitude to work);

2) the effectiveness of the personnel management system - the ratio of costs and results;

3) balance of personnel in certain groups of professional activities and socio-psychological characteristics;

4) the structure of interests and values ​​prevailing in groups of management personnel, their influence on attitudes towards work and its results;

5) rhythm and intensity of activity, which determine the psychological state and quality of work;

6) the intellectual and creative potential of management personnel, reflecting the selection and use of personnel, the organization of the system for their development.

When analyzing personnel management, it is advisable to start with an assessment of the supply of labor resources to IP “Clothes” in 2009 using the example of Table 6.

To identify the causes of daily and intra-shift losses of working time, we compare data from the actual and planned balance of working time.

Table 6 - Composition and structure of employees of the enterprise IP “Odezhda” in dynamics from 2007 to 2009

Table 7.- Distribution of employees by age

Let's analyze the degree of use of labor resources at the enterprise IP "Clothes" using the example of Table 8.

Table 8. - Use of labor resources at the enterprise IP “Clothes”

As can be seen from the above data, the available labor resources at this enterprise, IP “Odezhda”, are not used fully enough. On average, one worker worked 215 days instead of 225, which is why the excess daily loss of working time amounted to 10 days (80 hours) per worker. Intra-shift excess working time losses are also significant: in one day they amounted to 0.5 hours.

Losses can be caused by various objective and subjective circumstances not provided for by the plan: additional leaves with the permission of the administration, illnesses of workers with temporary loss of ability to work, absenteeism, downtime due to malfunction of equipment, machinery, mechanisms, due to lack of work, raw materials, materials, electricity, fuel, etc.

The tension in providing IP “Clothing” with labor resources can be somewhat relieved through more complete use of the available workforce. We will evaluate the completeness of the use of labor resources by the number of days and hours worked by one employee during the analyzed period, as well as by the degree of use of the working time fund. This analysis is carried out for each category of employees and for the enterprise as a whole.

An analysis of personnel management at the IP "Odezhda" enterprise allows us to identify additional methods of economic incentives for employees in addition to those existing at the IP "Odezhda" enterprise in order to improve the personnel incentive system as a whole:

1) a direct and close connection with the achieved success in work in the form of income from profit growth, expressed as a percentage for each employee at the enterprise IP “Clothing”, pre-agreed principles of remuneration for exceeding the plan, entered into the accounting system;

2) the salary corresponds to the employee’s real contribution to the success of a particular project, limiting base salaries for top-level managers;

3) a strict scheme for calculating bonuses.

At the enterprise IP “Clothing” the following types of payments are used, which are material incentives:

1) payment for vacation in the amount of 1 official salary;

2) additional financial assistance in the following amounts:

a) not more than 1 salary during the year:

Large families;

A participant in the liquidation of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant who has a certificate of the established form.

b) 20% of the amount of material damage in case of natural disasters, theft of household property, fire (subject to supporting documents);

c) in the amount of 1 salary:

For pensioners and low-income families, once every 5 years for partial compensation of housing repair costs;

Upon death of family members.

d) monthly financial assistance in the amount of 25% of the salary:

Single mothers, widows (widowers), women (men) raising children without a husband (without a wife);

Employees who have a dependent disabled child;

For employees who first got married before the age of 30, one-time financial assistance in the amount of their official salary.

e) a one-time benefit in the amount of average monthly earnings at the birth of a child;

f) financial assistance in the amount of salary once a year for the treatment of an employee due to a long-term illness (over 4 months);

g) a one-time settlement allowance in the amount of 2 official salaries for a young specialist hired after graduating from a university.

The Director of the Enterprise IP "Clothing" focuses on two management methods: economic and socio-psychological. Such methods provide material incentives for the team and individual workers. The choice in favor of these methods was made due to the small size of the enterprise. It is precisely because of the friendly, joint work of all personnel that the enterprise is profitable.

CONCLUSION

Activities of the enterprise IP "Clothes" for the period 2007 - 2009. characterized by an increase in sales revenue and an increase in sales profitability.

Almost all product groups showed an increase in sales in absolute terms, with the exception of the watch product group (48.23%). The highest growth rates in sales of hats (109.71%) and accessories (106.24%).

The share in the amount of income largely falls on the sale of women's outerwear (13.90%), teenage clothing (13.70%) and sportswear (13.60%). The smallest share of gross income comes from the sale of watches (2.61%) and accessories (3.55%).

The analysis of the financial condition of IP "Clothing" showed that the financial condition of IP "Clothes" for 2007 - 2009. stable, the enterprise’s dependence on external sources of financing during the analyzed period decreases and the probability of bankruptcy of the enterprise is very low.

An analysis of the enterprise's activities showed that over the past 2007 - 2009, the enterprise has had a steady upward trend in the main indicators characterizing commercial and financial efficiency; there are some imbalances in the organizational process that require changes.

For three years, the goods of the enterprise “Odezhda” have been in steady demand, despite the large number of competitors. The activity of the enterprise IP “Odezhda” is focused on studying the needs and requests of consumers.

The company has a system of criteria for selecting suppliers: product quality, price, supplier reliability, quality of service, payment terms and others.

Goods received from suppliers undergo an incoming control procedure if they meet the specifics of the delivery and satisfy quality certificates. The process of receiving and checking delivered goods is mandatory in a procurement management system.

Personnel management as a specific activity is carried out using various methods (ways) of influencing employees.

Personnel management at the enterprise IP "Clothes" is one of the most important areas of activity and is considered the main criterion for economic success.

The organizational impact of personnel management at the enterprise IP “Odezhda” is based on the preparation and approval of internal regulatory documents regulating the activities of the personnel of this enterprise. These include an employment contract, internal labor regulations, organizational management structure, staffing schedule of the enterprise, job descriptions. These documents can be drawn up in the form of enterprise standards and must be put into effect by order of the director of the enterprise IP “Clothing”.

Personnel management is no less delicate than building a house, and here you should not rely on the fact that “maybe it will work out.” And old problems do not disappear, and new ones arise, and even worse than the previous ones. We wanted the best, but sometimes it turns out that the ball is even more tangled.

In modern conditions, the success of the reforms carried out in our country and the prospects for economic development depend on the professionalism of each leader. For these purposes, retraining of managers should be systematically carried out, including through self-education.

This vision makes it possible for enterprises to adapt to new economic processes, to move from disparate enterprises led by individual entrepreneurs to integrated enterprises, from the power of labor to the power of reason, from strategic planning to strategic management.

Flexibility, a clear mission statement, directions for future development and market knowledge, work with personnel, the ability to innovate, profitability - these are factors that domestic enterprises entering the market must take into account.

The new social role of small businesses, which are increasingly responsible for the state of a comfortable living environment for the population, the quality of products, the level of education, and training of personnel, is reflected in the provision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: “The Russian Federation is a social state, policy is aimed at creating conditions ensuring a decent life and free human development.”

The role of management is not to stand at the top of the pyramid and control people, but to inspire them, to give them new strength. This should be the motto of effective management systems in modern society.

In conclusion, we can recall the old, time-tested truth: “It is the responsibility of managers at all levels to do everything possible to create a suitable future and not allow themselves to be drawn into the whirlpool of failure.”

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APPENDIX A

Assortment of men's and women's clothing

APPENDIX B

Assortment of shoes

Originality 82%.

INTRODUCTION 4

CHAPTER 1. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES OF IP KOROSTELEVA Yu.A. 6

1.1 Organizational, legal and economic characteristics of the enterprise. 6

1.2 Analysis of the main financial and economic indicators of the enterprise 10

1.2. Assessment of company profitability indicators. 26

1.3 Factor analysis of financial results. 28

CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RESULTS OF AN ENTERPRISE.. 39

2.2 Methodology and techniques for analyzing the results of the enterprise’s activities. 46

1.3. Problems of planning the financial results of an enterprise. 60

CHAPTER 3. WAYS TO INCREASE THE FINANCIAL RESULTS OF AN ENTERPRISE.. 70

3.1 Proposals to increase the profitability of the enterprise. 70

3.2 Economic evaluation of project proposals. 88

CONCLUSION. 93

REFERENCES... 98

APPLICATIONS.. 101

INTRODUCTION

Assessing the financial performance of enterprises has become increasingly widespread in Russia in recent years. Currently, thousands of specialists are trained annually in the basic tools and methods of financial analysis, which allows us to hope that methods for diagnosing financial and economic activities will continue to improve. Methods for diagnosing financial performance can be further developed by more fully taking into account the specifics of the industry to which the enterprise belongs, country factors and the economic region in which the enterprise operates. Independent research in the field of analysis of the financial results of a retail trade enterprise is not only the practice of using tools and methods of financial and economic analysis of the enterprise’s activities, but also allows one to gain an understanding of the specifics of assessing and analyzing the financial results of a retail trade enterprise.

The relevance of the work being performed lies in the fact that in modern conditions of a market economy and in the context of a financial crisis, the procedure for assessing and analyzing the financial results of a commercial organization needs to make a number of changes. Conducting an assessment and analysis of the financial results of an enterprise is an integral part of measures to improve the activities of enterprises.

The subject of the study is the analysis of the financial results of the enterprise.

The object of the study is individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the financial results of an enterprise using the example of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva.

To achieve this goal, we have set the following tasks.

1. Conduct an analysis of financial performance using the example of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva.
2. Explore the theoretical foundations of analysis and planning of financial results
3. Development of measures to improve the results of financial activities of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva.

The methodological basis of the research is made up of general scientific and special methods of cognition. Their use in combination with developments in the assessment and analysis of financial results made it possible to establish priority areas for improving the activities of a commercial organization.

The theoretical basis consists of the works of modern economists (V.I. Lapenkova, Z.G. Sangadieva, I.Ya. Lukasevich, V.V. Kovalev, O.N. Galchina, T.A. Pozhidaeva, O.V. Myasnyankina, A. V. Vannikova, N. L. Zaitsev, G. A. Savitskaya, etc.).

The information base consists of articles from special and periodical press, data from statistical yearbooks, other factual material from official sources, textbooks and teaching aids on the research topic, and Internet resources.

Based on the conducted study of the theoretical foundations of the analysis and assessment of the financial results of an enterprise, we can conclude that the financial result is a change in equity capital for a period, and the characteristics of changes in equity capital can be expressed by a system of indicators of financial results, the most important of which is profit, which allows us to conclude that profit is the financial result of an enterprise’s activities, characterizing the absolute efficiency of its work.

The fundamental method for assessing and analyzing financial results is to identify the dynamics of changes in individual absolute indicators of financial results. With this type of analysis, attention is paid to identifying positive or negative dynamics of various types of financial results and its components. When studying the reasons for the change, an analysis of relative indicators (profitability indicators) is carried out, which allows us to complement the picture of changes in the financial results of the enterprise. At the same time, the share of cost in gross revenue, the share of net profit in gross revenue and financial results from sales, etc. are identified and compared. In order to identify the degree of influence of indicators influencing the formation of financial results, a factor analysis of financial results is carried out. The average return on assets in the Russian Federation in 2013 was at the level of 6.7%, and the profitability of goods, products, works and services sold was at the level of 13%, which is lower than the 2013 values.

In the context of the recent liquidity crisis, the consequences of which are still visible in almost all sectors of the economy, retail trade enterprises emerged with minimal losses, although they were forced to adapt, as evidenced by the drop in the value of inventories of retail trade enterprises in 2008, but already in In 2012, their volumes almost reached pre-crisis levels, and in 2013 they exceeded them. Turnover of retail trade enterprises in the Russian Federation in 2014 amounted to 19,075.0 billion rubles, which in the commodity mass is 137.2% by 2013, in December 2014. – 2042.5 billion rubles, or 139.5% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. The number of retail trade enterprises, the bulk of which are micro-enterprises, has also increased since 2012 at the end of 2014 and amounted to 54,703 units. About 80% of retail enterprises assess the economic situation for themselves as satisfactory.

As a result, the assessment and analysis of the financial results of the trading activities of IP Korosteleva Yu.A. It was revealed that from 2012 to 2013, revenue growth was almost 50%, and from 2013 to 2014 – almost 40%. As for net profit, its growth rate exceeds the growth rate of cost and sales revenue growth: 134% and 156%, respectively, in 2013 and 2014. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the organization’s activities, which made it possible to obtain a net profit of 606 thousand rubles. based on the results of activities in 2014. The share of net profit in the structure of sales revenue is growing over the periods under review, although it is less than 1% in the structure of gross revenue. The largest increase in 2014 was shown by fixed assets (91%), accounts receivable (166%), and cash (733%). In liabilities: accounts payable increased by 37%. Labor productivity has a stable positive trend.

Based on the results of factor analysis of financial results from sales, a change in financial results from sales was revealed due to changes in revenue - by 319.85 thousand rubles; from the factor of changes in the cost level - by 376.61 thousand rubles; from the factor of changes in the level of commercial costs - 232.45 thousand rubles; from the factor of changes in the level of management costs - not identified due to the lack of management costs. Based on the results of the analysis, it is obvious that it is necessary to reduce the amount of commercial costs, which are a reserve for increasing financial results from sales.

Factor analysis of changes in sales profitability due to changes in sales prices and costs showed that due to an increase in sales prices, sales profitability increased. The positive impact of changes in sales profitability due to changes in sales prices compensates for the negative impact of changes in sales profitability due to changes in cost, which causes an increase in financial results from sales. Factor analysis of the profitability of capital use showed an increase in indicators, which indicates an improvement in its use. Factor analysis of changes in financial results due to turnover led to the conclusion that the acceleration of turnover of current assets stimulated the increase in sales revenue in the reporting period, i.e. had a positive impact; acceleration of turnover of current assets stimulated the increase in gross financial results in the reporting period, i.e. also had a positive impact.

Assessment of financial results of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva the coefficient method allowed us to conclude that the value of the liquidity, solvency and financial stability ratios is insufficient, the dynamics of the ratios is negative. Business activity indicators indicate positive dynamics. Thus, the improvement in business activity ratios should be used to increase the liquidity, solvency and financial stability of the enterprise in future periods. In the process of analyzing the coefficients, a shortage of the enterprise's own working capital was revealed.

The project part of the final qualifying work presents an action plan to improve the activities of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva. based on the introduction of a new direction: the opening of a catering establishment in the “jazz cafe” format from 12/01/2015 with 130 seats.

According to calculations, the profit at the disposal of the organization is 385.29 thousand rubles. in 2015, 6344.17 thousand rubles. in 2016 and 7166.17 thousand rubles. in 2017. For 2015, 2016 and 2017 the amount of financial results remaining at the disposal of the organization will be about 16895.60 thousand rubles.

To implement the project, a loan in the amount of 1,900 thousand rubles is required. The loan is used to purchase equipment. When financing the project, great importance is also given to the own funds of the individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva, the sources of which are the net profit at the end of 2014, as well as the profit received by the organization in 2015.

Dynamics of changes in the financial results of the activities of individual entrepreneurs Korosteleva Yu.A. based on data from the forecast periods (2015, 2016, 2017), calculated on the basis of the forecast values ​​of the statement of financial results and losses and the balance sheet of the organization, indicates an improvement in a number of indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. This improvement is primarily due to an increase in the amount of net profit, as well as the share of net profit in the total revenue of the organization. The share of net profit in revenue increases from 0.95% to 6.5% following the results of the project in 2017.

The current liquidity ratio, quick liquidity ratio, and absolute liquidity ratio are within the standard values ​​at the end of 2016. A number of ratios are deteriorating in 2015, but in 2016 all indicators, except for the general liquidity indicator of the enterprise’s balance sheet, meet regulatory requirements. In general, we can conclude that the liquidity and solvency of individual entrepreneur Yu.A. Korosteleva has improved. in the forecast period. As for the dynamics of financial stability indicators, there is a significant improvement in all indicators. At the same time, the agility coefficient and the coefficient of provision with own working capital take on values ​​that meet the requirements of standard indicators. The value of net present value based on the results of the project until 2017 is positive; When determining the effectiveness of a project, it is recommended to implement it precisely with a positive value of net present value, then the data obtained indicate the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The sensitivity analysis of the project showed that the loan rate does not have a significant role on the profitability of the project at the end of 2017.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the organization with a reduction in the number of visitors by 29% remains a positive value based on the results of the project in 2017. The profit remaining at the organization's disposal when variable costs increase to the level of 71% of the organization's income is also a positive value. This indicates the effectiveness of the project and its sufficient margin of safety.

Based on the work done, it was concluded that all the tasks set at the beginning of the study were completed.

The work done was aimed at assessing and analyzing the financial results of the enterprise using the example of IP Korostelev Yu.A., as well as developing measures to improve the trading activities of IP Korosteleva Yu.A.

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