Presentation. Principles for landscaping courtyard areas

Astrakhan Engineering and Construction Institute

Abstract on the topic: “Territory improvement”

Completed:

Novokreshchenova I.N.

Checked:

Mamaeva Yu.V.

ASTRAKHAN 2010

Introduction

Currently, special attention is paid to the improvement and landscaping of the urban environment, as evidenced by the fundamental transition from solving purely utilitarian problems to creating a harmonious environment that has a certain aesthetic value, regardless of the size and significance of the object in the structure of the city. Here it is difficult to draw the line between architectural and design design.

Landscaping work includes:

Creating paths and paths on the site

Construction of retaining walls

Construction of sports and children's playgrounds, local parking spaces, recreation areas, utility areas

Installation of outdoor and landscape lighting systems

Installation of an automatic watering system (automatic watering)

Construction of reservoirs and water structures of various types

Landscaping is a whole range of works that allows you to change the original landscape and green the area. The landscaping process requires special knowledge and consists of several necessary stages.

The preparatory stage of improvement includes:

topographic survey of the site with reference to all existing buildings, designation of site boundaries and elevations;

soil analysis on site;

forest pathological study of existing tree plantations on the site;

diagnostics of groundwater depth;

insolation analysis of the site (lighting plan);

assessment of the location of the site relative to the cardinal points, surrounding terrain and buildings;

assessment of the improvement budget.

Based on the research obtained during the preparatory stage, as well as the wishes expressed by the owner of the site, the actual development of the improvement concept and the preparation of technical documentation for the improvement and landscaping project are carried out.

The technical documentation of the improvement project includes the following design materials:

sketch options for territory development;

drawings of the road and path network and paving;

sections of retaining walls;

site lighting diagram indicating the location of lighting fixtures, as well as cable routes;

automatic irrigation diagram indicating water sources, electrical power, load;

design and diagrams of sections of reservoirs;

design of small architectural forms (small architectural forms), children's and sports grounds, recreation areas

The first stage of landscaping work is the implementation of the project. At this stage, all design elements previously drawn on paper or computer

transferred to the site – i.e. Marking and binding of all landscaping elements is done.

After the markings have been made, all work on geoplastics (changing the terrain if necessary), construction of LAF, fences, gazebos, and outbuildings is carried out; laying underground communications, installing drainage systems, irrigation and lighting systems.

The next stage is the construction of retaining walls, laying paths, paths, parking lots, children's and sports grounds, as well as recreation areas. At the same time, construction of reservoirs takes place if they are included in improvement projects.

After installing decorative street lighting, you can proceed directly to landscaping the site - bringing in fertile soil, planting trees and shrubs, planting flower beds and flower beds, and sowing a lawn.

Technical documentation

Retaining walls

The topography of a site is one of the fundamental factors in landscape design of a garden. In the event that after construction, undesirable changes in the relief occur—slopes and ravines appear—the method of creating terraces for planting is used. Terraced areas are strengthened with the help of retaining walls, which simultaneously become elements of landscape design. Depending on the height, retaining walls can emphasize the attractiveness of the terrain, give it volume and an interesting shape. In accordance with the overall design decision, the height, style and materials are selected to create the retaining wall structure. Most often, retaining walls are made of stone, flagstone or concrete, followed by cladding with natural or artificial stone, tiles, facing bricks, wooden beams, etc.

A prerequisite for creating retaining walls is the construction of a solid foundation made of stone or crushed stone. The depth of the foundation depends on the height of the retaining wall - if the wall height is more than 1 m, the thickness of the foundation must be at least 70 cm. If the foundation thickness is insufficient, the structure will deform and collapse. When the height of a concrete retaining wall is more than 2 m, reinforcement with reinforcement is necessary.

When creating a retaining wall, the materials are secured using cement mortar. The dry masonry method is used to create stone retaining walls - the stones are stacked tightly together, and perennial plants can be planted between them. When using this method, the retaining wall should not be higher than 70 cm. When laying on cement, niches can be left between the slabs, in which hanging plants (nasturtium, peas, petunias, etc.) are subsequently planted. Retaining walls made of slate, sandstone, tiled limestone, granite or gneiss are more resistant to high humidity (Fig. 1)

Already at the stage of arranging the retaining walls, care should be taken to create gentle stairs (width - at least 50 cm), along which you can move from terrace to terrace.

When arranging retaining walls, it should be taken into account that they should not block sunlight from the plants, otherwise lawns, flower beds, fruit trees or other plants planted on the terraces will not be able to fully develop and grow. When planting a lawn on a terrace, the slopes should be reinforced with a special mesh.

Paving

Paving- covering paths, sidewalks and individual areas with hard materials, giving the site beauty and originality. Paving elements make a great contribution to the composition, with their configuration and location determining the style of the landscape project. They also carry a functional load, providing ease of movement.

Coverings can be grass, block, tile, concrete, stone, etc. Coverings can be laid on cement mortar or sand, with or without a border, islands or a continuous strip. The materials for constructing paved paths can be decorative tiles, natural stone, clinker bricks, decorative and ordinary concrete, wood, grass, concrete slabs, and ground cover plants. (Fig.2)

A natural stone- the best material, both from a practical and aesthetic point of view. This type of coverage is not cheap. For its production, numerous types of hard and soft rocks are used - labradorite, marble, granite, basalt, gabbro, limestone, sandstone and others. The variety of formats and structures, various surface treatment options and beautiful tones make it possible to install stone coverings in shady alleys and large open areas.

Concrete plates

Concrete paving slabs are a common material for covering paths. They are produced in various configurations, sizes and colors. The most common are hexagon, wave, brick, corner, fish, sheaf, brook. Concrete tiles are frost-resistant, strong, durable, suitable for both pedestrian paths and car driveways. According to the production method, vibropressed and vibrocast tiles are distinguished. Vibro-cast paving slabs are more durable, so it is advisable to use them for highway driveways. Vibropressed tiles are also suitable for walkways.

Ceramic tile

Ceramic tiles have a very attractive appearance. Its surface can be covered with glaze of different colors, which allows you to create paths with exquisite patterns. “Ceramic granite” is popular - tiles that imitate natural stone. If you move along the paths in winter, it is better to choose ceramic tiles with a corrugated surface so that it is not too slippery.

Clinker brick

This material has gained great popularity due to its ease of installation, relative cheapness and warm color shades.

Decorative concrete

This type of coating serves as a good alternative to paving slabs, ordinary concrete, and even natural stone. Decorative concrete contains special additives that make it resistant to temperature changes characteristic of the Russian climate - fiber and plasticizers. The surface of decorative concrete is resistant to ultraviolet radiation (does not fade) and mechanical damage (does not crack). Modern construction technologies make it possible to use decorative concrete to finish the basement of buildings, which makes it possible to further decorate the territory.

Decorative concrete also has disadvantages - its surface must be treated with moisture-proof solutions every year.

It must be laid by experienced specialists; violation of the technology negatively affects the strength of the coating. The price of decorative concrete is also very high - 2-3 times more expensive than paving slabs.

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Paved pavements

For paved road surfaces, it is necessary to prepare a sandy base, on which the selected material is scattered and carefully compacted. Such a path can be made from gravel, crushed stone of various fractions (lime or granite), various crumbs (marble, granite, brick), large sawdust or crushed tree bark. Since these bulk materials offer a wide range of colors and sizes, it is possible to create paths that will harmoniously fit into any style of garden.

Wood

Boardwalks built near bodies of water look organic. Old sleepers are often used, which, thanks to special impregnation, last a very long time.

Grass surfaces

The main requirements for grassy paths are deep soil preparation and ease of mowing overgrown grass. In places where cars pass, you can install a concrete lawn grid.

Other materials.

Sports area

Active recreation is the best way to relieve the stress accumulated during the work week, and for most of us it is strongly associated with a clearing on the edge of a forest, where a volleyball net is stretched between wooden poles. Or we remember backyard football competitions, in which a variety of objects served as goals, from tin cans to neighbors’ cars.

Modern sports grounds, are complex construction projects that require special qualifications from the teams involved in construction.

Depending on the purpose sports grounds can be used for basketball, hockey, football, tennis or be universally aimed at various types of exercise. There are also specialized children's sports complexes designed for fun.

Pay attention to the selected plot of land allocated for the future sports ground. It is necessary that ideally there is a slight slope of the terrain, otherwise, if you are located in a lowland or in an area of ​​high groundwater, the site will float in a couple of seasons and the coating will collapse. Follow the wind rose and try to orient your future vacation spot in the direction from south to north. The absence of high-voltage lines nearby will help you prevent many unpleasant and possibly deadly situations in the future.

The most important work is the installation of a drainage system. It's no secret that the coating sports ground must be even, otherwise the meaning of many sports competitions is lost.

In the simplest case, with conditions close to ideal, surfaces are prepared that are inclined, both in the longitudinal and transverse directions. At the same time, for a tennis court, the optimal solution to this issue would be to build a system that, when viewed from above, resembles an ordinary envelope for paper letters.

But these are ideal situations. What to do if the soil and the presence of groundwater spoil the picture. In this case, a cushion of crushed stone is poured, and drainage wells are installed along the edges, which are connected to the sewer system or storm drains.

A more expensive system involves the creation of drainage channels under the entire surface sports ground and ensures the most effective drainage of water from the protected surface.

Children's zone

Children's playgrounds are designed for different age groups (nursery - from 1 to 3 years, preschool - from 3 to 6 years and primary school age) taking into account the specific behavior of children inherent in their age.

Toddlers are less mobile, cannot play with peers, and require constant attention from adults. What interests them most is playing with sand, so sandboxes are the main element of the playground. (Fig. 3) The rest of the equipment consists of garden benches, low swings or carousels.

Complex playgrounds are the most convenient and interesting in composition; they consist of three zones: for parents with children under one year old, toddlers and preschoolers. The last two zones are isolated from each other by planning or with the help of landscaping elements (low hedges, lawns or flower beds). The area for parents is located taking into account the constant monitoring of each playground.

Playgrounds for children must be located throughout the territory in close proximity to residential buildings.

Playgrounds for preschoolers require more space. The playgrounds are divided into zones: for games with special equipment (swings, rocking chairs, various climbing devices, etc.), a sand courtyard (Fig. 4), and a bicycle riding area. In the southern regions, it is advisable to install a shallow splashing pool.

Recreational areas for adults should be varied, taking into account the interests of residents. When placing them on the territory, it is necessary to take into account the age of the users: the site for the elderly and people with health problems must be as close as possible to the exits to residential buildings, while choosing cozy and quiet places; areas designed for active communication, on the contrary, are at least 10 m away from building windows and are located outside courtyard areas.

Household area

One of the important elements of landscaping is the location and equipment of areas for drying clothes, cleaning carpets and household items, walking dogs and installing garbage bins. Buckets of household waste accumulated in houses are temporarily dumped into containers and then removed from the territory. For yard containers, special platforms with a width of 1.5 m are arranged, which are located at a distance of at least 20 m from the windows of residential buildings, sports, playgrounds and recreation areas, and also no more than 100 m from the most remote entrance to the house. They are placed near driveways as close as possible to the exit from the microdistrict and are fenced on those sides with a low wall or hedge. The sites must have a hard surface.

Areas for cleaning carpets and drying household items are provided, if necessary, equipped with metal frames, and for drying clothes - with special racks with hooks for attaching ropes. Such areas should be covered with asphalt or tiles, and along the perimeter there should be a fence in the form of a low wall or hedge, taking into account the possibility of prolonged insolation.

The dog walking area is located at a distance of at least 40 m from the windows of residential and public buildings outside courtyard areas, one for several groups of houses, fenced with a mesh fence and equipped with special devices.

Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars located at a distance of no more than 100 m from the most distant exits to residential buildings and taking into account the standardized distances to the windows of residential buildings and public buildings, areas of secondary schools and preschool institutions in accordance with SNiP “Urban Planning”

Street lighting

Street lighting is necessary for the full functioning of any populated area. And it is used not only for security purposes, but also for decorating individual architectural objects, as well as parks and squares . Installation of lighting poles allows you to increase visibility on the roads at night. In addition, lighting poles form a unique appearance of a populated area, and also provide the necessary level of safety for both pedestrians and road traffic. Lighting poles can be turned on in the evening either from the control center or manually.

Special street lamps and lamps are installed as street lighting. Street lamps are lighting poles made in the form of one shape or another, on which light sources are placed. And street lamps are special lighting devices that are used to illuminate roads, parks, public gardens, as well as special illumination of various landscape and architectural objects (Fig. 5)

One of the most common types of lighting poles are street lamps, which are mounted in a special way on lighting poles or lighting poles. This type of lamp is considered one of the most reliable and efficient due to the fact that in this case the light comes from a certain height. This means that it is able to cover a larger area and is less susceptible to various mechanical damage. Light poles include a wide variety of street lighting poles, including metal light poles, polygon poles, and others.

Now let's look at the basic designs of street lighting poles that you can find in any locality. Lighting supports are made of steel sheets three millimeters thick. The lighting column has a conical shape, which has six or eight sides. The height of lighting poles can reach four, six, eight and ten meters. At the bottom of the lighting pole there is a special hatch with a cover, which allows for installation and operation of the electrical switching device. In addition, at the bottom of the lighting pole there is always a flange with a diameter of 200 millimeters, which is designed for installation and fastening on a concrete foundation, as well as on similar devices and underground parts.

At the top, the outdoor lighting pole has a diameter of 62 millimeters. This part is intended for installing brackets with lamps. The steel structures of street lamps are hot-dip galvanized.

Includes multifaceted street lighting poles includes special brackets that are used for installing cantilever luminaires with different directions of the optical axis. The range of such brackets is constantly increasing. These brackets are made of metal pipe, the wall thickness of which is three millimeters. The outer diameter of such pipes is 48 millimeters.

Water features

Water is an integral part of almost any harmonious landscape. Its attractive power is such that even a miniature pond, fountain, artificial waterfall or spring can decorate the landscape and bring a special spirit of peace and tranquility into the landscape.

Reservoirs highlight neighboring elements of landscape design and make the overall picture more voluminous, while simultaneously correcting relief defects.

However, the role of water in landscape design is not limited to the aesthetic function. The microclimate of the site largely depends on the presence and nature of reservoirs. Water, moving or standing, increases the level of air humidity, which at any time of the year benefits both the plants of the park or garden and the people relaxing in this garden.

The main types of landscape gardening water bodies include:

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Swimming pools

Waterfalls

Sources

Ponds, streams, springs, waterfalls, as well as swamps located on the site can be either artificial or natural, while other structures are almost always artificial.

However, natural bodies of water are most often modified in order to improve their appearance and regulate flow.

Let us briefly look at the main characteristics of water bodies:

Pond- a small enclosed body of water with standing water. As a rule, a variety of aquatic vegetation is planted in the pond, and sometimes the ponds are also populated by aquatic animals - for example, ornamental and ordinary fish, mollusks, crustaceans. It is the presence of specific aquatic life that distinguishes a pond from a swimming pool.

Based on the design of the coastline, ponds are divided into two large groups - geometric and natural. Among geometric ponds in landscape design, artificial raised ponds stand out, in which the shoreline is built above the ground level, which eliminates the need to dig a pit, and also facilitates the maintenance and care of the pond.

Swamp- This is a kind of pond, densely planted with special marsh vegetation. An artificial swamp is a cross between a pond and a moist lawn.

Creek is a narrow water stream with natural or close to natural bends in the channel. In the practice of landscape design, streams of plain and mountain types are encountered. The former have a slow flow and are located on a flat surface with a minimal slope. The latter flow quickly along the surface with a large angle of inclination and can be interrupted by small waterfalls. Often, for mountain streams, a natural or artificial rocky bed is used.

Channel- an artificial water stream with flowing water, which differs from a stream in a more regular, often geometric shape of the channel.

Waterfall is a stream of water falling vertically from a height of over a meter. Several successive waterfalls or a stream with several waterfalls along the channel form a cascade. The height difference in the cascade can be relatively small. This cascade imitates natural rapids and rifts.

Fountain- an artificial structure with streams of water flowing upward. Often a fountain is a serious architectural structure with elements of garden sculpture. There are fountains with night illumination, with jets gushing from the surface of a pond or pool, as well as with other special effects.

Installation of lawn fencing

One of the most common types of metal fencing for landscaping urban areas (streets, parks, courtyards) is lawn fencing. They are designed to separate and protect lawns and other green spaces from the roadway and pedestrian paths. In addition, such fences also play an aesthetic role in shaping the appearance and serve as decoration for areas of urban areas.

Organization of a landscaping system for residential areas and neighborhoods

All green areas of residential areas and microdistricts must form a single green system with the citywide greening system.

Residential area landscaping includes plantings for general use (on main and residential streets, gardens in residential areas, public gardens, boulevards, district parks) and limited use (greening in neighborhoods, public gardens at buildings of various institutions, hospitals, etc.)

Residential area garden It is logical to bring it closer to the public center, choosing for its placement the most picturesque places with existing valuable green spaces, varied terrain and bodies of water. It is desirable that its area be at least 3 hectares within a 1000 m radius of service to the population.

Square- green area of ​​0.15 -2 hectares; placed on a square, a street intersection, or on a section of a block adjacent to the street. The layout of the park includes paths, lawns, flower beds, separate groups of trees, shrubs, artistic design elements in the form of sculptures, fountains, etc. Squares are intended for short-term recreation of the population and decorative design of squares, streets, and public buildings. (Fig. 7):

Boulevard- a linear landscaping object created along highways, embankments, residential streets in the form of a wide, preferably at least 16 m, strip of alley plantings of trees and shrubs. Designed for pedestrian traffic and short-term rest. (Fig. 8):

District parks designed to create a comfortable environment for active recreation and various types of communication; is designed taking into account the general planning structure of the area, the location of transport routes and characteristic natural conditions (the presence of reservoirs, etc.) The park is connected by green pedestrian routes with neighborhood gardens, the district center, a city-wide park, etc. The internal planning structure of the park should take into account the presence of several entrances on the territory, connected with public transport stops, and have a variety of functions, turning the park into part of the system of cultural services for the population.

Composition and placement of planning and volumetric elements inside the courtyard space

Landscaping in residential development is determined depending on the size and nature of the open spaces of residential areas. Each type and compositional method of development is characterized by its own options for architectural planning solutions and landscaping. Landscaping planning elements include areas for various purposes: for active and quiet recreation of adults and children, playgrounds, sports, utility and extended planning elements - pedestrian alleys, boulevards, recreational and walking trails, bicycle paths.

In a high-rise residential development, the formation of which is based on the microdistrict principle of organizing the territory, the presence of vast open spaces makes it possible to differentiate the creation of zones of social activity of the population, providing social, recreational, sports, health and other needs of the population, with the allocation of complex public spaces. In these territories, it is possible to use not only planning, volumetric landscaping elements, but also modeling the space using landscape architecture - creating artificial relief, ponds, large tracts of greenery, cascades of ponds, etc.

When developing an area with medium- and low-rise buildings, it is characterized by shorter distances between buildings, fragmentation of open spaces, and also in the conditions of the old urban building density, it is advisable to follow the path of forming unified functionally compatible complexes:

recreation area (short rest, quiet rest, board games);

children's playgrounds (for children of different ages: up to 3 years, 4-6 years, 7-12 years);

complex public spaces for multifunctional purposes (for all age groups of the population) are formed subject to the availability of territory and depending on the specific conditions of the site;

a utility area (for drying clothes, cleaning clothes and carpets, garbage bins);

dog walking areas;

car parking;

parking for bicycles.

The placement of sites in relation to residential buildings and other planning elements is carried out taking into account their accessibility and safe operation. The noise characteristics created by these sites are also taken into account. The size of the sites is determined by aggregated indicators per 1 resident. The calculated indicators of sites for various purposes are given in the table.

Estimated indicators of sites for various purposes

Purpose of sites

Standard area per 1 room, m

Service radius, m

Dimensions of sites, m

Minimum distance from building windows, m

Playgrounds for children aged:

from 7-12 years

Areas for quiet relaxation (including in the local area)

Sports grounds

Household sites for:

drying clothes

cleaning clothes and carpets

garbage bins

dog walking

25 s for 1000zh, 50 s for flat

parking lots

By calculation

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Small architectural forms (SAF) in residential areas

Small architectural forms are divided into 5 main groups according to their purpose:

small forms of utilitarian purposes for mass use - trash cans, benches, fences, signs, house license plates, stairs, retaining walls, etc.; (Fig.9)

small architectural forms for decorative purposes - decorative walls, trellises, fountains, gazebos, flower vases, sculptures; (Fig. 10)

small forms of gaming and physical education purposes, play elements of children's playgrounds - swings, carousels, booms, sandboxes, climbing walls, roller coasters, etc.; (Fig. 11)

small forms for recreation areas for adults - pergolas, drinking fountains, tables, etc.;

equipment for sports grounds - nets with posts, basketball backboards, hockey goals, table tennis tables, etc.; (Fig. 12)

Purpose of small architectural forms

One of the tasks of external improvement is to increase the diversity and artistic expressiveness of buildings and open green spaces. It is solved by the formation of a functional-spatial structure and subject equipment of open spaces in urban development. The originality and individuality, the co-scale of the architectural and spatial environment of the city in combination with landscaping are provided by such means of external improvement as surface treatment of the earth (geoplastics, retaining walls, stairs, ramps, etc.), planar structures (playgrounds for children, sports, recreation and etc.) and urban design.

An element of urban design that solves aesthetic, functional and utilitarian problems is small architectural forms (SAF). Their artistic qualities, careful manufacturing, appropriate placement techniques and composition influence the final result - the creation of a harmonious spatial environment, both in residential buildings and in the city as a whole. The placement of the MAF must correspond to the real life processes of the population (Fig. 13).

Compositions of small architectural forms for complex landscaping based on products made from colored architectural concrete MISS KB

Small architectural forms can emphasize the existing landscape, be architectural monuments, works of landscape art, landscape architecture and external landscaping. Small architectural forms include works of monumental and decorative art.

By means of small architectural forms, the arrangement of city streets, highways, and microdistrict territories is achieved. The composition of small architectural forms must correspond to a single plan, and only then will they be able to fully reflect the originality of historical color, natural conditions, local national traditions and fully meet their purpose. Small architectural forms used for landscaping the territory of microdistricts can be divided into the following groups.

Small architectural forms of utilitarian mass use

These include devices used by residents for practical purposes, which, being elements of urban equipment, must at the same time carry an aesthetic load (benches, trash cans, fences, signs, neighborhood maps, stairs, retaining walls, house license plates, shopping kiosks, lamps, vases for flowers and landscaping).

Small architectural forms for decorative purposes

These devices are used exclusively for aesthetic impact on humans (decorative walls, trellises for vertical gardening, decorative sculptures, swimming pools, fountains, gazebos, etc.).

There can be an infinite number of varieties of such small forms. Original works of art are installed in critical areas.

Small forms of decorative architecture should not be repeated within sight. This helps to avoid the monotony of development. Small architectural forms for decorative purposes can be varied in texture, finishing materials and color. Correct placement of decorative small forms, even in mass production, which predetermines their repetition, creates the effect of diversity, thereby enriching the architectural and artistic appearance of the microdistrict.

Small architectural forms presented in the form of sculptures can be divided into allegorical, symbolic and genre. Allegorical sculpture expresses an idea in an allegorical sense, symbolic - embodies ideas and feelings in the form of symbols, genre - characteristic scenes from life, everyday life and morals. Genre sculpture is used in residential buildings more often than other types of sculpture. To correctly place a sculpture in a city, you need to know that in modern conditions there are two scales of its perception. The first scale: perceiving the sculpture from a great distance, when it is impossible to approach and examine its details. Sculptures placed in city squares and streets are designed for this perception. It is seen most often in motion. Second scale: perception of the sculpture in close proximity, when a walking or resting person can examine it in more detail. At the second scale of perception, the sculpture can be worked out in detail. This sculpture is located in residential buildings, gardens and parks. Genre sculpture is performed in the form of bas-reliefs on retaining and decorative walls, sculptural images of animals, and sometimes humans. The size of the sculpture should be 17...20% larger or smaller than human height, then the sculpture will look quite monumental. The pedestal for the human figures is chosen at such a height that visitors do not look down at the sculpture. The head of the person depicted should be at or above the eyes of passers-by. Decorative sculpture emphasizes the overall planning solution; it must be compositionally linked to the environment. In this case, the layout is created taking into account the placement of the sculpture. The landscape of the microdistrict is greatly enriched with artificial reservoirs in the form of fountains, splashing pools with individual shapes, construction of bridges, dams, etc. Based on their design, fountains are divided into jet and sculptural. Jet fountains decorate the surrounding landscape with the play of water jets, which create a decorative effect. Sculptural fountains are created with sculpture or decorative elements over which water flows. The shape of decorative elements - vases, shells, bowls - determines the pattern of falling water. The water level in fountains and pools should not exceed the level of adjacent areas. Small architectural forms for recreation areas, games and physical education. These devices are used in neighborhoods as equipment for adults and children's recreation areas, for games and physical education - benches, tables, swings, carousels, booms, climbing walls, sandboxes, pyramids, splashing pools, vines, roller coasters, etc. (Fig. 2). Many of them are mass produced. To make children's play devices, metal and reinforced concrete pipes, wood, and stones are used. The use of natural materials to create play tunnels, fortresses, and labyrinths develops interest in learning about nature.

Introduction

Technical documentation

Retaining walls

Other materials

Sports area

Children's zone

Household area

Parking lots

Street lighting

Water features

Installation of lawn fencing

Organization of a system of green neighborhoods

Composition and placement of planning and volumetric elements inside the courtyard space

Small architectural forms

Purpose of the MAF

All information was taken from the Internet and educational manuals.

Information on completed work on comprehensive landscaping of courtyard areas and major repairs of multi-apartment residential buildings in the Airport area

According to the Moscow government decree 4-PP dated January 18, 2011. “On the organization of work on landscaping courtyards and putting in order the entrances of apartment buildings in 2011” the following work was carried out to improve courtyard areas and work on repairing and restoring entrances.

In 2012, improvement work was carried out in 66 courtyard areas of the district. For this type of work in accordance with Federal Law 94-FZ of July 21, 2005. “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs”, the State Public Institution of the City of Moscow “IS CAO” held an open auction in electronic form, the State Institution of the City of Moscow “IS Airport District” concluded government contracts to carry out work on the comprehensive improvement of courtyard areas in the Airport SAO district in 2012 with the winning organizations (28 courtyards - Kommunalny Servis LLC in the amount of 16 rubles, 27 courtyards - MACRO-M LLC in the amount of 64 rubles. , 11 yards - ARTIS LLC, in the amount of 20 rubles)

The contractor MACRO-M LLC completed the following work: - repair of asphalt pavement - sq.m. -lawn repair – sq.m. -replacement of covering with tiles – 153.7 sq.m. -replacement of covering with tiles – 449.5 sq.m. -repair, installation of road side stones – 6,063.5 m.p. -repair, installation of garden edge stones – 856.5 m.p. -repair and installation of lawn fencing – sq.m. -repair and installation of concrete fencing 07.m high, plastering on mesh, painting - 64.8 m.p. -installation of flowerpots with planting flowers – 14 pcs. - planting shrubs – 708 pcs. -installation of benches – 10 pcs., installation of trash bins – 10 pcs. -installation of children's play equipment on existing playgrounds in 9 courtyard areas.

The contractor Kommunalny Servis LLC completed the following work: -repair of asphalt pavement – ​​.3 sq.m. -lawn repair – sq.m. -replacement of covering with rubber – 285 sq.m. -replacement of covering with tiles – 14.1 sq.m. -repair, installation of road side stones – 7,948.1 m.p. -repair, installation of garden edge stones – 508.95 m.p. -repair and installation of lawn fencing – sq.m. -installation of flowerpots with planting flowers – 28 pcs. - planting shrubs – 437 pcs. - construction of a pedestrian path - 4 sq. m., including garden edge stones - 7 sq. m. -installation of children's play equipment on existing playgrounds in 15 courtyard areas.

The contractor "ARTIS" LLC completed the following work: -repair of asphalt pavement - sq.m., -repair of lawns - sq.m., -replacement of pavement with tiles - sq.m. -replacement of covering with tiles – sq.m. -repair, installation of road side stones - m.p. -repair, installation of garden edge stones – 765 m.p. -repair and installation of asphalt pavement on container sites – 36 sq.m. -repair and installation of lawn fencing – m.p. -installation of benches – 4 pcs., installation of trash bins – 4 pcs. -installation of flowerpots with planting flowers – 26 pcs. - planting shrubs – 249 pcs. - construction of a pedestrian path - 119 sq. m., including garden edge stones - 200 sq. m. -installation of children's play equipment on existing playgrounds in 6 courtyard areas.

According to the additional title list of improvement works in 2012, approved by deputies of the Municipal Assembly of the WMO Airport in Moscow for 2012, in 33 courtyard areas (8 Marta St., 9, Verkhnyaya Maslovka St., 27, bldg. 1,2, Konstantin Simonov St., 5, building 1, Konstantin Simonov St., building 6, Konstantin Simonov St., building 5, building 2,3, Krasnoarmeyskaya St., building 2, building 1; Krasnoarmeyskaya St., 6, building 1, 2; Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Al., 16, 18, Verkhnyaya Maslovka St., 21; Nizhnyaya Maslovka St., 19, Novaya Bashilovka st., 3; New Zykovsky pr., d. 5; Planetnaya st., d. 11, Planetnaya st., d.; Leningradsky pr., d. 44, Seregina st., d. 3; 1st Aeroportovskaya st., no. 6; 8 Marta st., no. 15; Akademika Ilyushin st., no. 4, building 1,2, no. 6; Kokkinake st., no. 2; Krasnoarmeyskaya st., no. 28 ,30; Krasnoarmeyskaya st., no. 38, Chernyakhovskogo st., no. 14; Chasovaya st., no. 26; Chernyakhovskogo st., no. 12, Planetnaya st., no. 47, building 1,2, b 49; Chernyakhovsky St., no. 9, room 1,2,3; M. Koptevsky Ave., no. 4; 1st Ambulatorny Ave., 5, building 1,2; 1st Ambulatorny Ave., 7, building 3; st. Usievicha, 16, st. Sameda Vurgun, 1, 2nd Baltiysky lane, 2,4,4A,6; Usievicha st., 25, building 3; Chasovaya st., no. 18, Leningradsky pr., no. 66, 2nd Baltiysky lane, no. 4; Chernyakhovskogo st., 13; Krasnoarmeyskaya st., 26, room 2) work completed: -installation of swings - 2 pcs. -installation of garden sofas – 13 pcs., trash cans – 12 pcs. -installation of tennis tables – 1 pc. -installation of a gaming complex – 7 pcs. -installation of flowerpots – 7 pcs. -installation of sandbox – 1 pc. - installation of a carousel – 3 pcs. -installation of the house – 1 pc. -installation of the MINI-MAX sports complex - 4 pcs. -replacement of the children's/sports ground surface with rubber – 2855 sq.m. -repair of asphalt pavement – ​​5668 sq.m. -replacement of side stone – 1717.64 m.p. -installation of lawn fencing – 2731 m.p. - lawn repair with the delivery of soil - 2720 sq. m. - planting shrubs – 534 pcs. - arrangement/transfer of flower beds - 35 pcs. - construction of a path made of tiles / with the installation of side stones - 288 sq. m. - arrangement of a rest area made of tiles / with the installation of side stones - 41 sq. m. -repair of the sports ground – 3 pcs.

According to the allocated funding, the following work was completed: -repair of asphalt pavement sq.m. - expansion of the roadway was completed, yard ter sq.m. -lawn repair – sq.m. -replacement of road and garden edge stones - 985 linear meters -repair and installation of lawn fencing - linear meters -installation of flowerpots with planting flowers - 27 pcs. - planting shrubs – 445 pcs. - installation of a bench – 25 pcs., - installation of trash bins – 16 pcs. - installation of children's play equipment on existing playgrounds in 8 courtyard areas in the amount of 25 pieces - installation of rubber coating on children's playgrounds - 1200 sq.m. - arrangement of a quiet rest area - 1 piece.

Implementation of state programs in 2013 State Public Institution "IS District Airport": subsection Type of work Unit. measurements Quantity Cost of work performed (thousand rubles) 1 Comprehensive landscaping of courtyard areas, yard, 1 2 Repair of asphalt concrete pavement of internal yard driveways, sq. m., 2 3 Major repairs of sports grounds, 7 4 Improvement of the territories of state educational institutions, school 216,214.2 5 Major repairs of roofing areas .34895.2

Creating emotionally favorable conditions for children to stay outdoors in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education, intensifying the activities of employees and parents by improving the territory of the kindergarten and designing an aesthetically beautiful environment for the preschool structural unit.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"School No. 27 in Blagoveshchensk"

preschool structural unit building 4

Project

for landscaping

"The Magic Yard of Childhood"

The project was developed by:

teacher of category I Galustyan O.V.

Blagoveshchensk 2016

Project Information Card

Project name:"The Magic Yard of Childhood"

Type: Practice-oriented

Style: Creative

Project duration: three years

Project Manager:Fedyukovich S.B., Deputy Director for HR

Project participants: employees, children, parents

Problem:

• the condition of the territory does not meet the requirements.
• lack of favorable conditions for children to be outside.
• lack of a developmental environment that allows children to organize their free activities in nature in a more interesting and educational way.

Explanatory note

Relevance.

The territory of the preschool structural unit is a kind of business card. Any visitor, stepping onto the territory, pays attention to its well-groomed condition. So we want the eyes of those who come to us to be pleased with colorful flower beds, clean paths, neat sports equipment, so that everyone immediately understands that people live and work here, for whom the kindergarten is not just a place of work, but a home, which you want to make cozy and comfortable.

The basis for the development of the project was the desire to change the already established environment of the territory of the preschool structural unit, to create an individual and stylish appearance that complies with the general laws of organizing open-air space, is interesting for children and parents, and allows for more interesting organization of children’s free activities in nature.

A subject-based developmental environment is an effective means for shaping a child’s personality, which develops and enriches the child’s cognitive and aesthetic capabilities.

The main requirements for the environment are the creation of an atmosphere in which the principle of trust, safety, the opportunity for personal growth, and emotional consonance will be realized. It should contain opportunities for self-realization, creativity, aesthetic and moral development, and obtaining satisfaction from joint actions and communication.

Thus, landscaping the territory of a kindergarten solves the problems of aesthetic, moral, mental and physical education of children through familiarization with the surrounding plant world and the creation of comfortable conditions for children to stay outdoors.

The “Magic Childhood Courtyard” project is an attempt to create a general style for the territory of a preschool institution, to include existing green spaces in a new concept for landscaping and landscaping of the kindergarten territory, to subordinate the elements of the developing environment to new requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the basic general education program, its goals and objectives.

This project will provide an opportunity not only to make our territory beautiful and original, but also useful for the comprehensive development of children. The project was developed taking into account the requirements for the maintenance of areas of preschool institutions and represents a model of the future environment of the kindergarten.

Thus, the improvement project will help provide conditions for the development of the personality, motivation and abilities of children in various types of activities and will also enable the activation of the creative potential of the teaching and parent team to create favorable conditions for children to stay in a preschool institution.

To implement the project, designatedgoal, objectives, expected results, a creative team has been created,which included employees and parents.

Target:

Creating emotionally favorable conditions for children to stay outdoors in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education, intensifying the activities of employees and parents by improving the territory of the kindergarten and designing an aesthetically beautiful environment for the preschool structural unit.

Tasks:

• equip the territory in accordance with modern, sanitary and epidemiological requirements and methodological recommendations for conducting summer recreational work with children.
• create comfortable conditions for the comprehensive development of the child’s personality.
• use additional opportunities (budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, charitable assistance) to purchase equipment, involve teachers and parents in the work process.
• to cultivate a caring attitude towards the results of common activities in children and parents.
• create a positive emotional mood among participants in the educational process.

Expected results:

• improvement of the territory.
• creating conditions for children to relax, play sports, play and experiment
• creating conditions for protecting and promoting children’s health
• involving parents in landscaping.
• satisfaction with the activities of the preschool institution on the part of parents, pupils, creation of their own “image” of the territory, the image of the preschool institution.

• Playgrounds.

The playground involves the presence of several play areas that are attractive to children and stimulate their curiosity. Our sites will have several play areas: a sand and water area, a play area, and flower beds.

Each group has its own playgrounds with a gazebo and a sandbox; it is planned to place equipment on them according to the age of the children. Free, rational arrangement of special equipment in an accessible place on the playground will enable children to organize activities based on their interests.

The sand play area will not only provide entertainment, but also encourage the development of creative play.

• Playground.

The sports ground is located next to the playing areas. Selected equipment: basketball hoops, throwing targets, gymnastic walls, a preventive track will allow you to select a different combination of movements in classes and in games.

The equipment we propose is designed to help children develop stereotypical and situational movements.

We will arrange the equipment along the edges of the site so that most of it is used for outdoor and sports games, physical education events and leisure activities.

• Glade of fairy tales.

It is known that in preschool age children are very fond of fairy tales. They are especially attracted to dramatization, the transfer of images of fairy tale heroes. Based on this feature, we decided to organize a clearing of fairy tales that will satisfy children's needs for creativity.

While playing in the clearing, children will tell and dramatize fairy tales and organize games on various topics.

• Poultry dining room.

Our feathered friends, the birds, did not go unnoticed either. In order to foster a caring attitude towards birds and develop the cognitive abilities of children, we will equip a bird canteen.

Let's place it in a quiet place away from group areas. We will install bird houses and feeders.

This way, children will have the opportunity to watch and care for the birds as they arrive.

• Autotown.

This corner of the site has a hard surface. Road markings will be applied to it in accordance with established requirements and attributes (road signs, traffic lights) will be placed.

This area will serve as a platform for playing with vehicles in order to reinforce children's knowledge of traffic rules.

• Garden.

The vegetable garden is supposed to be placed in an open, unshaded space. In the vegetable garden we will plant zoned crops that are unpretentious and interesting to observe: lettuce, parsley, dill, basil, potatoes, etc.

Thus, sowing seeds, watching plants grow, and caring for them is an excellent educational practice for children.

• Flower beds.

Flower beds are a source of not only aesthetic experiences for children, but also contain a cognitive aspect.

We propose to rationally distribute different types of flower arrangements using the territory of the kindergarten as much as possible. The plots will feature round flower beds, raised flower beds and edgings along fences. We will place border flower beds throughout the kindergarten.

Project implementation stages.

Conclusion: We cannot change the whole world, but we can change ourselves, our attitude towards what is happening around us. Children learn from what surrounds them!

On the website of the federal project “Housing and Public Utilities and the Urban Environment” there is a vote for the best practices for landscaping courtyard areas and public spaces. The Ulyanovsk region submitted courtyards and public areas along Lenin Avenue in Dimitrovgrad, and the Pribrezhny and Friendship of Peoples parks in Ulyanovsk for the competition. You can support our region using this link. We made presentations on the improvement of three parks - Friendship of Peoples and "Pribrezhny" in Ulyanovsk and "Fish Park" in Dimitrovgrad. Three more projects relate to the improvement of courtyards and public areas; they can be viewed at the link above.

Improvement of the territory of the Pribrezhny cultural and recreation park in the Zavolzhsky district of Ulyanovsk

As part of the implementation of measures to improve the first stage of the Pribrezhny Culture and Recreation Park, the following types of work were completed:
— path lighting device
— device for descent into the river. Volga
— installation of MAFs (benches and trash cans)
— construction of a children's playground with fencing;
— arrangement of a site for a stage and public catering and retail establishments;
— water supply repair;
— installation of children's playgrounds, including elements of providing access for people with limited mobility;
— repair of existing paving stone paths;
— installation of new paving stone paths.

Improvement of the Peoples' Friendship Park in Ulyanovsk


As part of the preparatory stage of landscaping the territory of the Friendship of Peoples Park in the city of Ulyanovsk, repairs were made to the southern and northern parts of the head drainage D-1 and drainage trays in the Memorial zone.
Due to sluggish progress and severe deterioration of the drainage and stormwater system, the park improvement plan included a major overhaul of the head drainage D-1. The drainage system removes water from the water-bearing horizon, drains and stabilizes the slope.
The volume of the drainage prism is:
— preparation of crushed igneous rocks of fraction 10-20 mm M 1000;
— Korsis perforated pipe with a diameter of 300 mm wrapped in geotextile;
— drainage filling from crushed stone of igneous rocks of fraction 10-20 mm M 1000;
— drainage layer of enriched gravel mass at the base of a truncated prism 300 mm thick;
— drainage filling from excavated gravel mass that was in operation;
— drainage layer of medium-grained sand 500 mm thick;
— drainage sprinkling of used ASG (OPGS) with a thickness of 1.0 m to 2.7 m;
— local soil 300 mm thick;
— plant soil (chernozem) 300 mm thick.
As part of the main stage of improvement of the territory of the Friendship of Peoples Park, work was carried out to restore the covering of the park's walking alleys on the upper and lower terraces.
It is planned to preserve the original pedestrian network in the park and restore architectural forms that are now in a destroyed state. Particular attention is paid to the landscape design of the park and horizontal gardening: the park has unique trees that need to be preserved.
To improve the walking alleys, the existing asphalt surface was replaced with a coating with an individual paving pattern for each zone of the park.
Paving slabs 60 mm thick are laid on a dry mixture of cement and sand on a base of crushed stone M600 of fractions 20-40 mm, laid using the wedging method. The crushed stone base is laid on a sand cushion of fine sand over compacted soil.
The park's existing staircases were in unsatisfactory condition, so the decision was made to completely replace them beyond repair.
In order to organize a comfortable, functional urban space, it is planned to install pergolas on the upper terrace of the park that will protect vacationers from the wind, and a shopping pavilion - this will be a coffee point where drinks and sweets will be sold.
The renovated park will become the central city space for recreation and meetings of citizens. The organization of new recreation areas and a promenade with viewing platforms on the upper terrace will reveal the potential of the iconic territory for the city of Ulyanovsk, rising above the Volga River, and the improvement of the walking route on the lower terrace will allow city residents to once again enjoy the preserved beauty of the landscape park.

Improvement of the public territory "Fish Park" on Stroiteley Street in Dimitrovgrad


The project preserves existing green spaces as much as possible. When designing, to ensure the expressiveness of the architectural and planning solution, the features of the existing relief are taken into account as much as possible.
The following main project tasks were completed:
1. Creation of a landscaped recreation area for the urban population living in adjacent microdistricts;
2. Increasing the level of improvement and comfort of the urban environment;
3. A well-maintained and aesthetically favorable urban environment leaves a good impression on city guests, increases the level of trust and creates conditions for a favorable financial climate and attracting investment.
4. Allows the use of the park territory for sports and physical education in the fresh air, which in turn helps to promote a healthy lifestyle.
The second phase of construction is planned for 2018.
The development of cycling infrastructure in Ryba Park serves recreational and health functions.
As the most environmentally friendly mode of transport, cycling is an important part of the transport system. Short bicycle rides serve as an excellent remedy for physical inactivity among urban residents. The need to improve the health of the population, prevent morbidity and organize a healthy lifestyle sets the goal for local governments - to find effective means of improving the quality of life and, consequently, preserving the health of residents of the city of Dimitrovgrad. Sustainable and efficient functioning of bicycle transport is a necessary condition for maintaining the health of the population, increasing their physical activity and quality of life, improving the environment, and improving city infrastructure planning.
The construction of a bicycle route in the park solves the following problems in the city’s transport infrastructure:
- everyday movements - using a bicycle as a means of transportation in everyday life;
— physical education and recreational leisure — using a bicycle for physical education, tourism, organizing free time;
— cycling — the use of a bicycle for the purpose of conducting educational and training sessions and carrying out the competitive process.
For the use of bicycles by the population of the city of Dimitrovgrad, conditions are gradually being created for the development of cycling in recreational areas and the opening of bicycle rental points in traditional destinations for professionals and amateurs of this sport.

“AGREED” “APPROVED” Initiative group: Head of the Sudsky rural settlement __________________________ “AGREED”
Initiative group:
settlements
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
"APPROVED"
Head of Sudsky rural
_______________E.B. Volkova
YARD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
TERRITORIES AT VOLOGDA
REGION CHEREPOVETS DISTRICT
P. SUDA ST. USTYUZHENSKAYA 9/a, 11/a,
13, 15.
2018

General provisions

Autumn 2017, before landscaping.

March 2018, area before improvement.

A meeting of residents regarding the improvement of the courtyard area.

Description of the project to improve the courtyard area of ​​apartment buildings at the address: Suda village, st. Ustyuzhenskaya, d.