Movement of labor resources

The reproduction of the population and its working population is inextricably linked with their movement, which refers to any quantitative, qualitative, structural and spatial changes. The total workforce of society is constantly undergoing such changes. The total number of labor resources and economically active population, their social, professional, and qualification structure are changing. There are movements of workers between spheres of activity, regions of the country, industries, individual organizations (enterprises, firms) and workplaces.

The readiness and ability of the population to change social status, professional affiliation, place of residence is characterized by the concept population mobility. In relation to the labor force, i.e. the economically active part of the population, the term is used labor mobility.

The movement of labor is associated with the action of numerous factors - economic, social, demographic, etc. But, first of all, its possibility and necessity are determined by the progress of technology and production technology, introducing fundamental changes in the division of labor. According to K. Marx, “the nature of large-scale industry determines the change of labor, the movement of functions, the all-round mobility of the worker.” Change of labor K. Marx calls the universal law of social production.

The types and forms of labor movement are diverse. In the general movement of labor resources, two types of movement can be distinguished, conventionally called vertical and horizontal (Fig. 4.6).

Rice. 4.6. Classification of the movement of labor resources

Natural movement labor resources is a consequence of human biological nature. It is associated with the entry into working age of new generations of people, changes in the gender and age structure of the labor force, and the retirement of people from the labor force due to the natural aging of their body, disability or death.

Social movement caused by a change in the social status of members of society, their belonging to one or another class, social stratum or social group.

Territorial movement population and labor resources arises as a result of the movement of people between countries, regions, urban and rural areas, and various settlements. The form of manifestation of territorial movement is migration.

Rice. 4.7. Classification of migration according to various criteria

Migration translated from Latin (migratio) means movement, relocation. In relation to the population, the term migration is used in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In a narrow sense, migration is understood as a complete type of territorial movement, ending with a change of permanent residence. In the broadest sense of the word, migration is any territorial movement that occurs between different settlements or administrative-territorial entities.

In this meaning, migration is divided into irrevocable(related to the final change of residence - relocation), temporary(movement for a fairly long but limited period), seasonal(movement during certain periods of the year), pendulum(regular trips to work or study outside your locality and back), episodic(irregular movements related to the performance of official duties or treatment, recreation, tourism). These and other types of migration are presented in Fig. 4.7.

Migration performs a variety of functions, the most important of which are social and economic. Social function Migration is manifested in the desire of people, by changing their place of residence, to more fully satisfy their needs for increasing income, improving living conditions and working conditions, obtaining education, increasing professional training, etc. Economic function migration is associated with ensuring a certain level of labor mobility, its territorial redistribution and ensuring quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the demand and supply of labor of various profiles and qualifications in different regions of the country and populated areas. Migration can be considered effective when, as a result, the surplus of labor generated in some territories moves to other areas that are experiencing a shortage. Thus, migration contributes to a more complete use of labor resources, structural changes in the economy, and increased labor productivity.

To analyze the migration of the population and its working population, absolute and relative indicators are used. By using absolute indicators (people) are characterized by the number of arrivals to a given territory (Npr), the number of those leaving its borders (Nv), the total number of migrants or gross migration (Mb), net migration or balance of migration (Ms). In this case, Mb = Chpr + Chv, and Ms = Chpr – Chv.

Relative Migration indicators are calculated in relation to the average annual population (Pn) in the form of coefficients per 1000 people of the population (i.e. in per mille - % O). Here are some of them:

arrival coefficient (Kpr): Kpr = Chpr: Chn;

retirement rate (Kv): Kv = Chv: Chn;

coefficient of total (gross) migration (Kmb): Kmb = (Chpr + Chv) : Chn or Kmb = Kpr + Kv;

net (balance) migration coefficient (Kms) or migration growth rate: Ksm = (Chpr - Chv): Chn or Ksm = Kpr - Kv;

migration efficiency coefficient (Kr): Kr = Chpr: Chv or Kr = Kpr: Sq.

The departure rate characterizes the migration activity of the population of a given territory, and the arrival rate characterizes its attractiveness for migrants. The size of the migration balance (absolute or relative, positive or negative) directly characterizes the impact of migration on the formation of the labor market.

Economic movement labor force combines various forms of movement of workers in the overall labor process. This includes movements associated with hiring and dismissal, changing jobs within the organization or outside it due to a change in profession, growth in qualifications, the search for better conditions for realizing the employee’s labor potential, and for other reasons.

The most common indicators used to quantitatively characterize the movement of the labor force of an enterprise (organization) are relative indicators (in%):

recruitment turnover ratio (Kob.p): Cob.p=Chpr: Chsr*100;

turnover coefficient for dismissal (Kob.u): Kob.u=Chuv: Chsr*100;

total turnover coefficient (Cob.o): Kob.o = (Chpr + Chuv): Chsr*100;

personnel turnover rate (Ksm)– the lower of the turnover indicators for hiring and dismissal,

where NPR is the number of people hired for the calendar period of time under study (year, quarter, month), people;

Chuv – the number of people dismissed for the corresponding period, people;

Chsr – average number of employees, people.

Hiring people is always organized: it is planned in advance, justified, prepared, and carried out in several stages (recruitment, selection, enrollment, adaptation of workers). A certain part of dismissals of people from work is also planned in advance. These are dismissals due to the expiration of an employment contract, the elimination of jobs, retirement, conscription into the army, transfer to another place of work or assignment to study. However, a significant part of dismissals associated with a subsequent change of job are stochastic (random, probabilistic) in nature and cannot be planned in advance with sufficient accuracy.

The movement of labor associated with a change of place of work and carried out in an unorganized, unplanned manner is called staff turnover. Turnover includes dismissal of employees at their own request ( voluntary turnover) and by decision of the administration in connection with employee absenteeism, systematic violations of labor discipline and some other circumstances ( forced turnover).

Personnel turnover serves as a unique indicator of the economic, social and psychological state of the collective of enterprises and organizations and therefore is the subject of special attention from their managers. High turnover can lead to significant losses in the organization’s labor potential.

Fluidity management involves a systematic study of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. To assess the level and dynamics of turnover, a system of indicators is used, shown in Fig. 4.8.

Turnover rates

Rice. 4.8. Scorecard for studying staff turnover

There are concepts real(actually already accomplished) and potential, external(related to dismissal from the organization) and internal(related to a change of place of work within the organization) turnover. To characterize them level And intensity can be calculated are common(for the entire team of the organization) and private(for each group of workers studied separately) indicators ( turnover rates) in absolute units or in %.

General indicator of the level of actual external turnover in the organization (Ktf), as shown in Fig. 4.8., is determined by the ratio of the number of employees actually dismissed at their own request (Chuszh) and for violations of labor discipline (Chun), to the average number of employees (Chsr) of the organization’s personnel for the period under study. Calculate in the same way partial coefficients of actual turnover(Ktfi) for individual (i-th) divisions of the organization or groups of employees (certain gender, age, work experience, profession, etc.):

Ktfi= or Ktfi = ,

where Chui is the number of employees of the i-th group dismissed for reasons of turnover,

Chsri – average number of employees of the i-th group.

Internal (intra-factory, intra-company) turnover coefficient (Ktvn) is calculated as the ratio of the number of employees who voluntarily changed their place of work within the organization (Chsmr) to the average number of employees of the enterprise or division for the period under study.

Under potential turnover refers to the emerging, but not yet realized desire of workers to change jobs as a result of accumulating dissatisfaction with certain aspects of their working life. Potential (possible, expected) turnover can only be identified as a result of special sociological surveys, during which the degree of satisfaction (dissatisfaction) of employees with various aspects of their work life is studied, and the presence of those willing to change jobs is determined. Such surveys are usually anonymous.

Potential turnover rate(Ktp) is calculated as the ratio of the number of employees who, during the survey, expressed a desire to quit (Zhu) from the organization (or change jobs within the organization - Zhsmr) to the number of respondents (Chopr).

The ratio of the private turnover rate (Ktfi) to the total for the organization is called flow intensity coefficient (Kiti):

It shows how many times the turnover rate of the group under study is higher (lower) than in the organization as a whole. The use of this indicator is of great importance when studying social, demographic, professional and other characteristics of turnover. Through simple transformations

Kiti= = dui: dсрi

we can present the turnover intensity coefficient of the studied (i-th) group as the ratio of the share of the group’s employees among those dismissed for reasons of turnover (dуi) to the share of this group in the average number of employees (dсрi). In connection with this calculation method, the fluidity intensity coefficient is often called structural flow rate.

Labor turnover is one of the forms of manifestation of labor mobility, which refers to the ability and readiness of workers to change jobs. Labor mobility is a means of ensuring the movement of workers in accordance with the increase in their labor potential and the correct proportions between different areas of employment. However, excessive, economically and socially unjustified mobility, expressed in high employee turnover, leads to a decrease in the labor potential of the organization’s staff and a deterioration in its performance indicators. Reducing unnecessary movement based on improving the entire complex of conditions for the formation and use of labor potential constitutes the content of the process of personnel stabilization.

The category of mobility is in close interaction with the categories of stability and sustainability of work collectives. Under stability collective is usually understood as maintaining a constant composition of workers. In practice, to quantitatively characterize the stability of a team, indicators of staff constancy and stability are used.

Personnel constancy coefficient (Kp) is determined by the ratio of the number of persons on the payroll of the organization during the entire calendar year to the average number of employees.

Personnel stability coefficient (Kst) characterized by the proportion of persons working for a fairly long period of time in a given organization to the total number of employees. The very duration of this period is debatable. Some authors propose to take a period of three years as the lowest limit of work experience in a given organization to characterize the stability of personnel, considering it sufficient to acquire a profession, achieve an average level of qualifications, find one’s place in the team and become a personnel employee. However, as evidenced by a number of studies, the turnover rate among workers who have worked at a given enterprise for 3-4 years is significantly higher than the average for the enterprise. And only when workers reach five years of work experience at one enterprise does turnover decrease sharply. Therefore, when calculating the personnel stability coefficient, it is advisable to determine the share of persons with five or more years of work experience in a given organization in the total number of employees:

where Chst is the number of employees with five or more years of experience at the enterprise (organization).

Stability cannot be understood as the absolute absence of movement in the team, the constant assignment of workers to certain jobs throughout the entire period of their work. The dialectic of interaction between the categories of mobility and stability is such that mobility is inherent and determines the development of stability: the condition for the latter is the combination of staff constancy in relation to the enterprise with mobility within it.

The category is even more capacious in its content sustainability collective, which characterizes the qualitative state of the production team and the quantitative changes occurring in it. Sustainability is the ability of a production team to maintain and develop its labor potential in a dynamic workforce. A stable team is one that, with the dynamic movement of personnel, both inside and outside the organization, maintains its labor potential, ensuring that the personal factor meets the requirements of production, and even increases it if material factors require it. Unstable teams include those in which the movement, hiring or dismissal of workers entails a decrease in labor potential, as well as those teams in which, despite an outwardly unchanged composition (stability), labor potential decreases as a result of the action of internal hidden processes.

LECTURE No. 8

in the discipline WORLD ECONOMY

Topic 8.

Lesson No. 1. International labor movement

Educational goals:

1. Study the specifics of the international labor movement.

2. To form a civic position, skills in analyzing the most important events in the world and Russia, to achieve the need for constant enrichment of knowledge.

Introduction.

Study questions (main part):

1. International labor movement: essence, causes, main centers of labor migration.

2. Benefits and damages for countries from labor migration.

3. International Labor Organization (ILO).

Conclusion.

Literature:

a) Main

1. World Economy: textbook / Ed. prof. A.S. Bulatova. – M.: Economist, 2003. – 734 p.

2. World economy and international economic relations: textbook / Ed. prof. A.S. Bulatova, N.N. Liventseva – M.: Master: INFRA-M, 2011. – 654 p.

2. World economy: textbook / A.G. Ivasenko, Ya.I. Nikonova. – M.: KNORUS, 2010. – 640 p.

3. Chebotarev N.F. World economy: textbook. – 2nd ed., add. – M.: Dashkov and K, 2008. – 332 p.

4. Avdokushin E. F. International economic relations; Textbook. Lawyer, 1999.– pp. 19-60.

5. Radzhabova Z.K. World economy: Textbook. – 2nd ed., revised. – M.: INFRA-M, 2007. – 336 p.

6. International economic relations: textbook. / N. N. Liventsev [and others]; edited by N. N. Liventseva. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2008. – 656 p.

b) additional

1. World economy. Global trends over 100 years / ed. I. S. Koroleva. M.: Economist, 2003.

2. Yanova V.V. Economics: textbook. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2007. – 282 p.

Educational and material support

Educational and methodological complex on topic No. 8:

1. Text of the stock lecture.

2. Structural and logical diagram of studying the material of topic No. 8.

3. Outline of lecture lesson No. 8.

4. TSO: PC, video projector.

5. Blackboard, chalk, pointer.

Lecture text

Introduction

In the second half of the twentieth century, the economic development of most industrialized countries became increasingly dependent on the import of foreign labor. In the mid-90s, in the seven leading countries of the world (USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, England, France, Italy), emigrants accounted for about 20% of total demand, they constituted from 25 to 40% of the workforce employed in labor-intensive industries .

The use of foreign labor has become a necessary condition for the expanded reproduction of the world economy. By the beginning of the 21st century, the number of emigrants temporarily living outside their countries will amount to more than 40 million people.

Study questions (main part):

International labor movement: essence, causes, main centers of labor migration

A characteristic feature of the world economy is the steady increase in the scale of international migration, which has now become a permanent component of the world economy.

In a number of industrialized countries, entire sectors of the economy depend on foreign labor: in France - automotive industry (by 1/3), construction (by 1/4); in Belgium – mining industry (1/2); in Switzerland - construction (2/5), etc.

Population migration– this is the movement of people associated, as a rule, with a change of place of residence.

Divided into:

– irrevocable, in which there is a change of country of residence;

– temporary, resettlement for some fairly long, but limited, often predetermined period;

– seasonal, for example, for harvesting agricultural products;

– external, outside the country (emigration and immigration);

– internal.

The functioning of the global labor market is manifested in international labor migration - emigration And immigration.

Immigration– entry of the amateur population into a given country from outside its borders

Emigration– departure of the working-age population from the country beyond its borders.

Re-emigration- return of emigrants to their homeland.

Migration balance– the difference between immigration from a country and emigration to a country.

International labor migration represents the relocation of the working-age population from one state to another for a period of more than a year, caused mainly by economic reasons.

According to UN classification permanent migrant workers are considered to be persons arriving in the country in order to find paid work for a period exceeding one year.

At the beginning of the 20th century. the total number of migrant workers reached an annual value of 50 million people.

In the global reproduction process, the international movement of labor resources performs a number of important social functions. It promotes:

· international exchange of labor skills, experience and knowledge;

· development of people's creative potential;

· changes in the gender and age structure of countries' labor resources;

· updating the quality of labor resources of national economies;

· accelerating the social and professional mobility of the world's population.

The international movement of labor between sectors of the world economy is carried out in the form industry And professional movement.

International cross-sectoral movement of labor

· international intersectoral movement, in which employees moving to work in another country change industry and profession;

· international intersectoral movement, in which employees moving to work in another country change industry, but do not change profession.

International professional labor movement includes the following forms:

· international intra-company movement of workers associated with the activities of transnational companies;

· retraining of migrants when moving to another country for a new specialty within their previous profession;

· change in the professional qualifications of an employee when moving from one country to another (in developed countries - to a lower one, in developing countries - to a higher one);

· Mastery of a new profession by migrants.

Main directions of labor migration:

1. Movement of labor from developing to economically developed countries.

2. Movement of labor between developed countries.

3. Movement of labor between developing countries.

4. Movement of labor from developed countries to developing ones.

5. Movement of labor from former socialist countries.

Export of capital

In the era of the formation and dominance of big capital, in which financial capital begins to play a predominant role, there is a gradual reorientation from the international exchange of goods to the export of capital. As a result, international economic relations received an additional source of development, when it is not a product that is exported in order to realize its value and make a profit, but a value that is exported in order to advance the production of goods in other countries, i.e. creation of new values, their implementation and profit. Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that the export of capital is a type of international economic relations when value in monetary or other form is exported abroad for the purpose of producing and receiving profit and obtaining other economic and political benefits.

Moreover, this phenomenon in international economic relations does not mean the displacement of global trade itself. We are talking about the emergence of a qualitatively new phenomenon in international economic relations, which, on the one hand, developed in parallel with the international exchange of goods, and on the other, became a new prerequisite and impetus for the further development of world trade. The fact is that quite often the export of capital is carried out with the aim of not only penetrating and expanding the national markets of other countries, but also producing products in the interests of their export to other countries, including often the country that exports capital.

Initially, when the world was divided into metropolises and colonies, until the 60s. In the twentieth century, the export of capital served mainly the function of ensuring the supply of raw or semi-processed materials from the colonies to the metropolis in the interests of developing their own industry. As a result of this process, in the undeveloped part of the world, agricultural production (usually monocultural) and extractive industries developed, while in the metropolises attention was concentrated on processing and manufacturing industries.

At the same time, sometimes entire regions were declared zones of special interests of a separate country. This is actually one of the forms of manifestation of colonialism. In this regard, the Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in the first half of the 19th century, is well known. and legally consolidated US expansion in Latin America with non-intervention and neutrality of European states.

Reasons for the export of capital

There are a number of reasons behind the export of capital. These include, first of all, ensuring access to raw materials and guaranteeing their stable supply. At the same time, exported capital could use cheap labor on a large scale, which made it possible to significantly reduce production costs and increase the competitiveness of manufactured products.

Apart from the above, it is extremely important to take into account the fact that the ongoing competition within the national markets of industrialized countries led to cheaper products, a decrease in profitability, and thus called into question new capital investments. As a result, a surplus of capital arose, which was looking for a more profitable application abroad. The export of capital became the “outlet” through which capital flowed out to other countries due to the difficulties of its advance into the national economy.

An important role in the development of capital exports was played by the protectionist import policy pursued by almost all countries of the world, which ensured, on the one hand, the protection of national industry, and on the other, the influx of foreign capital in the interests of the development of those industries and industries for which there was not enough national capital or they had sufficient technological capabilities, experience and knowledge in organizing the production of certain types of products.

The export of capital played a dual economic and political role in relation to capital recipient countries. First of all, the formation of transnational corporations or transnational associations of capital, not to mention the growth of foreign trade turnover between countries, tied such countries in financial and economic terms to certain industrialized countries. Secondly, economic dependence was the instrument through which political influence was exercised.

The next reason for the further increase in the export of capital was differences in national conditions for the development of equipment and technology, and the total labor force. It must be borne in mind that there are two, sometimes counter, flows of capital.
From one point of view, we are talking about the export of capital with the aim of penetrating another national market on the basis of possessing technology, organization, experience and knowledge in the production of any product. In this case, the capital recipient country gets the opportunity to develop production within the country on the basis of the best achievements in the field of technology, technology, organization and management. The exporting country receives an additional source of financial resources in the form of re-export of corporate profits from abroad.

On the other hand, the export of capital can be carried out precisely due to the lack of national technical, technological, organizational and managerial achievements. In this case, financial capital rushes to those countries, firms and corporations that have such achievements. By interacting with the domestic capital of these countries, foreign capital receives the necessary technical and technological knowledge, experience and other practical information and information for the purpose of re-exporting them to their country and thus increasing the technical and economic level of national production.

A huge role in the export of capital was played by the formation and development of international infrastructure, primarily transport and information systems, which significantly “brought countries closer together” and provided conditions for further deepening and expanding the internationalization of production of not only finished products, but also partial products, semi-finished products, assemblies and parts . This became the basis for the development of international specialization and production cooperation.

Export of capital and ecology

Since the late 60s. There is a clear trend towards the movement of so-called dirty industries from industrialized countries to developing countries. This process was accelerated by the adoption of strict environmental regulations by Western countries. As a result, the environmental situation has softened in the developed part of the world and worsened in developing countries. It should be noted that the West has a dual approach to environmental problems: one - towards itself, the other - towards developing countries. Moreover, he rather harshly advocates for ensuring environmental safety, often blaming developing countries, as well as former socialist countries, including Russia, for all sins. At the same time, firstly, developed Western countries, with the help of their private capital, moved dirty production to the less developed part of the world.

Secondly, if these countries are so concerned about the global environmental situation, then they should really provide financial and other means to help transform “dirty” industries into “clean” ones. Indeed, in most, if not all Western countries, there are virtually no zones left unaffected by anthropogenic activities. It is worth noting that they remained in another part of the world (Russia accounts for more than 30%). If this is the case, then in order to preserve these zones in less developed countries (not to involve them in economic turnover), it is necessary, on the one hand, to reduce ϲʙᴏ and requests for the import of resources from these countries, on the other hand, to provide financial and other assistance to countries that do not involve existing environmentally friendly zones in economic circulation. Failure to comply with and ignore these requirements will result in deterioration of the environmental situation. Without certain compensation, no country will be willing to work for the benefit of everyone, infringing on national interests. Except for the above, these countries have the right to demand compensation from the West for the deterioration of the ecological environment as a result of the functioning of foreign capital.

Forms of capital export

The export of capital is carried out in two forms: entrepreneurial and loan. The entrepreneurial form of capital export is the investment of capital in various industries and areas of economic activity with the aim of making a profit. By the way, this form of capital investment is carried out in the form of direct and portfolio investments.

Direct investment is an investment of foreign capital that provides its owner with control over the activities of a foreign enterprise. Direct investments can be made in the form of both direct investments in fixed capital (real capital) and the purchase of blocks of shares of already operating enterprises abroad (fictitious capital)

Portfolio investments are investments of capital in real or fictitious form, which do not provide the owner of foreign capital with the right to control the activities of the enterprise. According to the IMF assessment, investments are classified as direct if a foreign investor has at least 25% of the company's shares, and according to US statistics - at least 10%.

The loan form of capital export consists of providing individual states, cities, banks, enterprises and their associations with loans at agreed interest rates. The source of the loan form of capital export can also be a wide variety of economic entities: states, international financial and economic organizations, banks, corporations, companies.

The advantages of the entrepreneurial form of capital export compared to the loan form are determined by: the unlimited time of its operation; maintaining ownership of capital; disposal of exported capital. It should be noted that when using the loan form of capital import, the importing entity has much broader rights regarding its use, disposal and control.

Excluding the above, the advantage of the entrepreneurial form of capital export, especially direct investment, is essentially that it is accompanied by the import of new technologies and equipment, foreign experience and knowledge in technical, production and organizational and managerial activities, increasing the level of qualifications of domestic specialists, training and retraining of the workforce.

Indicators of participation in international capital migration

A country's participation in international capital flows is assessed by a number of indicators. It is important to note that one of them will be the volume of foreign assets (investments) of a given country divided by its GDP (GNP), i.e. share of foreign investment in GDP (I′):

where And zar are the country’s investment assets abroad.

Another indicator will be the ratio of the volume of direct investment of a given country abroad and the volume of foreign direct investment on its territory (I p):

where I salary – foreign direct investment of a given country; And in.p. – foreign direct investment in the territory of a given country.

If the value of the indicator is greater than one, then ϶ᴛᴏ indicates a positive balance in the migration flows of capital from country to country; if it is less than one, then it indicates an excess of the influx of foreign capital over the export of domestic capital from the country.

The next indicator for assessing capital migration will be the ratio of a country’s external debt to GDP or the volume of exports of a given country, i.e. external debt indicator (Z′ ext)

where Z ext is the volume of external debt; exp – export volume.

This indicator is important for assessing the country’s solvency in relation to foreign partners, as well as for determining the level of financial and economic dependence of the country and the possibility of pursuing independent both foreign and domestic economic policies.

Changes in international capital flows

In the post-war years, new forms of internationalization of capital and production emerged.

Among them, it is first of all extremely important to highlight the export of patents and licenses, know-how, consulting services in the engineering field and organizational and management services. The largest place in terms of volumes of international transactions is occupied by licensing agreements. In this case, initially, traditionally, the transfer of licenses was carried out through intra-company channels of TNCs. Moreover, starting from the 70s. The share of intercompany agreements (including small firms) of different nationalities grew rapidly. Their share in licensing agreements for the period 1975-1990. increased from 17 to 40%. A type of licensing agreement will be international “franchising” - agreements that allow an enterprise in one country to use a trademark or trade name of a foreign company, as well as receive from it, for a fee, technical assistance, services to improve the skills of the workforce, organize trade and management.

Apart from the above, contracts for the provision of technical assistance, marketing services and other intellectual assistance have become widespread. An important place in the export of capital is also occupied by contracts (agreements) on the turnkey delivery of enterprises; they are divided into “light” and “heavy”. “Heavy” contracts differ from “light” ones in that after the delivery of the facility they provide for the further transfer of managerial, technological and production experience, training of workers, and assistance in the sale of products produced by the enterprise.

Turning to trends in the export of capital, it is extremely important to note that in the second half of the twentieth century. Significant changes have occurred in this industry. First of all, there was a sharp change in the balance of forces in this area between the countries exporting capital. On the eve of the First World War, Great Britain occupied the first place in the export of capital, followed by France and Belgium. In the mid-90s. Japanese capital already controlled approximately 40% of global financial assets, while American capital controlled about half as much.

There has also been a significant change in the direction of capital flows. Until the mid-twentieth century, the bulk of capital was exported to developing countries. At that time, industrialized countries accounted for less than 1/3 of direct investment. At the same time, by the end of the century, the lion's share in the export of capital accounted for mutual investment of industrialized countries.

The role of the mining and manufacturing industries as areas for the application of foreign capital has also changed. There was a sharp increase in the share of the manufacturing industry in the total volume of foreign investment and an equally sharp decrease in the primary industries.

In the second half of the twentieth century. the gap between the growth of foreign production based on exported capital and the export of goods grew. Overall, the gap in relation to industrialized countries has increased approximately threefold.

Closely related to the above trend is another - the growth of reinvestment, i.e. An increasingly large part of the profit received from the operation of exported capital is not repatriated, but is reinvested in the development of production abroad. It should be noted that since the 80s. the share of reinvested profits began to exceed the 50% mark in the total volume of foreign investment. In connection with the above, it is extremely important to distinguish between “export of capital”, i.e. influx of investment from abroad, and “expended capital investment,” which includes reinvestment.

An important role in the expansion of capital is played by state foreign economic policy aimed at stimulating investment abroad. A whole system of incentives operates in this direction. It is important to note that one of them will be the issuance of government guarantees in case of loss of ownership of capital or damage from unforeseen circumstances. These guarantees are issued for a period of up to 20 years in varying percentages of the original value of the exported capital (at least 70%) and 100% compensation for the loss of reinvested profits.

Another tool for stimulating the export of capital will be financial and credit assistance, which is traditionally provided in the form of preferential loans and subsidies. This will be an important help for those companies that wish to make foreign investments, but do not have sufficient financial resources to implement the investment project.

The next way to intensify investment activity abroad is to provide tax discounts and other benefits on amounts of foreign capital investments.

Government incentives can be selective. The essence of such a selective policy regarding the export of capital lies in the establishment by the state of certain priorities of its geographical focus, sectoral affiliation, and area of ​​application. In particular, such a policy was characteristic of France in the 80s - early 90s, in which five-year plans for economic, social and cultural development contained measures to provide loans to corporations penetrating advanced industries in the United States, as well as benefits for foreign activities of small and medium-sized firms.

International labor movement

An independent process in international economic relations will be labor migration. At the same time, taking into account the specifics of this resource, which is connected directly with the person himself as his immanent component, when considering the causes and conditions of labor migration, not only economic, but also political, social, legal, religious, national, cultural, demographic prerequisites should be taken into account and consequences.

Reasons for labor migration

Without going into the socio-data area of ​​population migration, we will focus mainly on the modern socio-economic reasons causing the international movement of labor resources.

First of all, it is extremely important to point out the reason for the demographic situation with which the surplus population and labor force are associated. It is worth noting that it arises when the scale and structure of social production do not suit the supply of labor. As a result, part of the population emigrates in search of jobs and improvement of its social status to other countries. This is all the more possible as a result of low birth rates and insignificant population growth dynamics in a number of countries. At the same time, intensive flows of population migration are already giving rise to socio-political and other problems in countries receiving immigrants. Examples of this include industrialized countries such as France and Germany.

Another reason for international labor migration is the difference in wage levels, which also causes flows of labor from one country to another. We are talking primarily about highly qualified workers, specialists, scientific and technical personnel, and scientific and pedagogical personnel. Countries from which such resources emigrate play the role of a donor, while countries receiving these immigrants “pump out” resources of the highest quality without spending any money on their formation and preparation.

Moreover, “vampire” states pursue a fairly flexible immigration policy in terms of forms, methods, and timing. The United States and former socialist countries can serve as a clear demonstration. So, in the USA from 1990 to 1994. The immigration quota was increased by 1.5 times. This made it possible to “pump brains” from these countries, since the latter began to experience enormous difficulties in the field of financing science, education, culture, professional growth, etc. Moreover, development programs are being imposed on Russia and other countries, providing for a sharp reduction in government spending on social needs under the threat of non-provision of loans. The Russian system of education, science and culture has experienced and continues to experience the consequences of “charitable” foreign assistance in the fight against inflation and the establishment of a market economy. In our country, many scientific schools have been destroyed, especially in the field of fundamental sciences, the education system has sharply deteriorated, and the level of culture has decreased.

Other reasons for labor migration include the cyclical nature of economic development and structural changes occurring in the national economy. During economic crises and structural transformations in the national economy, cyclical and structural unemployment is formed. Under these conditions, workers in sectors and sectors of the national economy that have a surplus of labor rush abroad in search of jobs that will provide them with professional training.

Let us note the fact that in modern conditions, scientific and technical progress and the movement of real capital play a significant role in the migration of labor resources, followed by the flow of specialists, scientists, teaching staff, engineers, and highly qualified workers. Moreover, in parallel, specialists and workers from national personnel are being trained who are capable of performing certain professional functions during the operation of newly introduced facilities.

It is also necessary to take into account those qualitative changes that occur under the influence of a frontal scientific and technological revolution. The use of new technologies, the widespread introduction of microprocessors and robots sharply reduce the role of human labor in production processes, reduce the scale of labor-intensive production, which leads to a revaluation of the role of countries with so-called cheap labor markets. The use of fundamentally new technologies can significantly reduce the demand for raw materials, which will pose developing countries with the problem of foreign exchange earnings and, most importantly, the problem of economic growth.

The process of population migration in each country is regulated and regulated by its legislation and international legal acts, if they are signed by the relevant government bodies. In the legal field of regulating migration flows, two trends can be distinguished. It is important to note that one of them advocates the free movement of labor resources and population as one of the important conditions for an open economy. The other is associated with restrictions in the field of international migration and the implementation of a policy of protectionism in relation to both immigrants and emigrants. Sometimes it is only unidirectional. Everything depends on many components that determine the specifics of the country, primarily related to the population, the labor market, its structure and prospects for economic development.

It is worth saying that each country develops a national migration policy, which is based on a set of legislative, organizational, financial and other measures aimed at regulating emigration and immigration flows: granting and depriving citizenship or other residence status in the country, attracting foreign labor resources, creating a system social protection of their workers during their stay abroad, regulation of refugee flows and their social protection.

Regulation of international labor flows

Migration flows of population and labor resources can be classified into several directions or groups. These are primarily immigrants and non-immigrants admitted into the country in accordance with legislation and other regulatory documents regulating the process of entry into the country.

Another direction is represented by illegal immigrants - persons who illegally crossed the state border or legally entered the country, but did not leave it after the expiration of the granted period of stay in order to get a job. A significant portion of this type of person constitutes the so-called group of illegal workers. This is the most disadvantaged and powerless part of the population of any country, since they are not subject to any rights and requirements to ensure decent working and living conditions.

The next direction is formed from contract workers who enter the country for periods specified in agreements concluded with countries with surplus labor. In particular, in the oil-producing countries of the Arab East, the number of workers brought in from abroad sometimes reaches 60-75% of their total population.

A significant share of migration is occupied by refugees who become victims of wars, aggravation of ethnic, interreligious or other relations. According to UN data at the beginning of the 90s. There were about 16 million refugees in the world. The fate of refugees in the vastness of the former Soviet Union is tragic. The unconstitutional abolition of a great power led to the fact that more than 25 million of the so-called Russian-speaking population found themselves outside of Russia, the bulk of whom were Russians. As a result, the number of migrants who have joined the population of Russia exceeds 6 million people, most of whom can safely be classified as refugees.

Laws and regulations to regulate migration flows, having secured the rights of citizens to freely travel, live and work abroad, in the conditions of the political and economic crisis, have become an important prerequisite for the emigration of scientific and technical personnel from Russia. In conditions of underfunding of the education, science, and healthcare systems, Russia cannot allow the process of “brain abduction” to prolong. It turns out that for decades society has bore the burden of unnecessary expenses in order to benefit the prosperous countries of the West in the most difficult times for the country. In recent years, thanks to the “stealing of minds,” the United States annually saves approximately $7 billion in education and scientific activities alone. This is the real economic background of the struggle for “human rights.”

How politicized the US struggle for human rights is is evidenced by its ambiguous and inadequate reaction to the situation of the Russian-speaking population in Latvia and the Kurds in Turkey, as well as to the purely internal matter of Yugoslavia - the situation in Kosovo. In the first case, when the rights of the Russians, who historically cannot but be considered the indigenous population of the Baltic region, are violated, some vague wishes and no reaction are heard from the United States - to the genocide against the Kurds in Turkey, whose number exceeds 20 million people. In the second case, when an Albanian ethnic group was formed on the ancestral Serbian lands, which had much broader rights compared to the Russians in Latvia, the United States achieved the introduction of harsh economic sanctions and carried out aggression against a sovereign state, Yugoslavia.

It is necessary to realize that, along with human rights, there are also the rights of the people, society, the state, the interests of which have always been and should be a priority in Rus', especially in the difficult and formidable time of socio-economic upheaval experienced by our Motherland, as well as in the changing conditions geopolitical situation in the world.

Economic integration

It is worth saying - the political and economic nature of integration

Economic integration is a new stage and form of internationalization of the economic life of various countries, expressing a combination of two interrelated processes: the mutual interweaving of economies and the implementation of a coordinated policy in economic relations between the countries included in this group and in relations with third countries. Therefore, economic integration is a political and economic process to create a single economic space of the countries included in the integration group, with a single mechanism for regulating economic and social relations between them.

It represents a way and form of resolving the contradiction between national economic isolation and gigantically increased productive forces that have gone beyond national borders. Considering the fact that all processes of internationalization of economic life and the associated movement of factors of production require the creation of certain conditions, the adoption of legal norms and the conclusion of political agreements between states, economic integration objectively develops into political integration.

The latter finds its manifestation in the creation of interstate and suprastate bodies of governance and power. In particular, in European integration - the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers, or the Council of the European Union (EU), various kinds of commissions to solve certain socio-economic problems of the grouping countries. At the same time, this is a difficult path, since movement along it affects the most diverse national interests of countries, which can often come into conflict. In addition, the process of political and economic integration in one way or another concerns the problem of sovereignty, independence, and independence. The material was published on http://site
Therefore, in these issues, countries have to make mutual concessions.

Factors determining economic integration

The main goal of integration will be to ensure the most favorable conditions for the functioning of national capitals within the framework of a single economic space of the united countries. Such conditions include, first of all, measures to eliminate quotas and licensing of mutual supplies of goods. A quota is understood as the permissible quantity of goods imported into a given country, expressed in physical or value terms; licensing is the obtaining of permission to export certain goods and services to a certain country. Quite often, a license also contains an element of quotas.

To stimulate mutual trade, measures are being taken to abolish customs tariffs, i.e. foreign trade taxation. In particular, in the EU, customs taxation has been virtually eliminated, as have quotas and licensing.

Another condition for the development of integration will be the mitigation and elimination of obstacles to the free movement of capital and labor, as well as the free movement of citizens of the integrated countries. Ensuring this condition opens the way to such a migration of capital and labor, which allows not only to eliminate the imbalances of these factors of production in individual countries, but also to create the prerequisites for their more effective interaction in time and space.

At the state and interstate levels, we are talking primarily about the gradual unification of economic policies by countries that are members of the integration group. Except for the above, at these levels a common customs policy is agreed upon (primarily the establishment of a single tariff) in relation to third countries. Moreover, it should be noted that the so-called common customs policy is selective and differentiated in relation to entire groups of countries, as well as certain product groups and individual goods. There will be both economic and political aspects that guide the countries participating in the integration bloc.

In addition to economic reasons, other factors also influence the process of integration of countries. Among them, we should mention, first of all, the territorial-geographical proximity of countries, the national characteristics of individual countries and their different positions in the world economic system. The integration of countries allows them to strengthen their economic and political positions in the world community and protect their regional interests. Except for the above, integration allows the united countries to compete more successfully in the world economy with stronger partners for spheres of political and economic influence in the developing part of the world.

At the same time, the deployment of integration processes creates optimal conditions for the organization of large-scale production, focused on the regional capacious market, opens access to various kinds of resources, new technologies, accumulated experience and knowledge in certain areas and sectors of various national economies. Integration provides scope for solving regional (national and integrated scale) pressing social problems, primarily employment, social protection, security and guarantees.

The integration union of countries at the same time makes it possible to create privileged conditions for economic entities operating within the economic group and to protect industry, agriculture and other areas and sectors of the national economy from external competitors. Integration makes it possible for united countries to act as a cohesive group in solving emerging international economic, financial, monetary, social, political and military-strategic problems, to more confidently defend both national and regional interests, and also to pursue a unified scientific and technological policy, which opens up new opportunities for accelerating scientific and technological progress, entering new technologies.

With all this, integration processes are contradictory. These are contradictions between the national and international interests of the participating countries, national and supranational approaches to solving economic, social and political problems, the foreign economic and foreign policy interests of each participating country, between international groupings and other countries. It is important to take these contradictions into account from the perspective of not only integrating countries, but also all participants in the world economy and the world community. It is no secret that processes are constantly taking place in the world leading to changes in the balance of forces in the international arena. Vivid evidence of this is provided by the examples of Japan, China, the Soviet Union (Russia), and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

By the way, the stages of economic integration

From the point of view of organizational and legal forms, integration in this development goes through several stages. The most simple form appears to be a free trade zone, within the framework of which it will be discussed about the gradual abolition of trade restrictions, the reduction and elimination of customs tariffs for participating countries.

The next stage will be a customs union, in which free trade is complemented by the introduction of a single foreign trade tariff in relation to third countries and the implementation of a coordinated foreign economic policy.
It is interesting to note that the customs union is often complemented by a payment union, which ensures the mutual convertibility of the currencies of the member countries of the economic group and the introduction of a single unit of account.

These forms of economic integration of countries cover exclusively the sphere of interstate commodity exchange and financial settlements. It is important to note that, however, with all this, regardless of the goals declared by the integrating countries, they are tested for the seriousness of their intentions by measures to streamline mutual exchange, settlements, and currency conversion. And only then do they begin to implement production and economic integration processes.

Economic integration is ultimately focused on creating conditions for the free movement of factors of production, which opens the way to the interweaving of production and economic ties between economic entities of the countries participating in the integration group and requires coordination of not only the external, but also the internal economic policy of the state.

At the final stage of economic integration, countries come to unite in an economic and monetary union, which involves not just the creation of a single economic space, but also the unification of legislative and other legal norms regulating not only economic activities, but also social, political, and humanitarian issues of these countries. With this, the currency fragmentation of the common market is eliminated by not simply introducing a single unit of account, but by abolishing national currencies and switching to a single monetary unit for all countries. It should be noted that the greatest success (so far the only one) in this area has been achieved by the EEC member countries, which have already introduced the euro as a single unit of account, and in two years it will replace most of the national currencies of the countries that are members of the union.

Until November 1, 1993, the Western European integration grouping was called the European Economic Community.

Among the large integration groups, one should also mention the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which unites the USA, Canada and Mexico; Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which includes Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam; Latin American Integration Association (LAI); Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APEC), etc.

conclusions

1.Limited world trade, overcoming protectionist barriers to exported goods, and the use of relatively cheap national resources of other countries have led to the export not of goods, but of capital for the purpose of their production in such countries. If the export of goods represents the export of value for the purpose of its sale and making a profit, then when exporting capital, value is exported with the purpose of “creating” profit through the production and sale of goods abroad.

2. The export of capital is carried out either in entrepreneurial or loan forms. In the entrepreneurial form of capital export, it is assumed to be invested in production in order to make a profit. In the loan form of capital export, credit relations take place on the basis of loans at pre-agreed interest rates. In this case, the entrepreneurial form of capital export can be represented by direct or portfolio investments. Direct investments allow you to establish control over a foreign enterprise, while portfolio investments do not provide the right to such control.

3. In the movement of capital in the second half of the 20th century. significant changes have occurred. If previously the bulk of capital was exported to developing countries, now a large share of capital exports comes from mutual investment in industrialized countries. A structural shift has also occurred in relation to its sectoral orientation: an increasing part of capital is directed to secondary and tertiary sectors of social production.

4. We should not forget that the international movement of labor resources with its positive and negative consequences is important. Among the latter is, first of all, the “pumping of brains” to highly developed countries of the world from developing and post-socialist countries. Migration of labor resources is regulated both by international law and interstate agreements, and by national legislation.

5. The highest level of internationalization of economic life is economic integration. It is worth noting that it goes through a number of stages, from the elimination of customs barriers to the formation of economic unions with a single currency for the united countries.

International movement of production factors in the international economic system. The place of labor migration in the international movement of factors of production.

An important form of international cooperation is the international movement of production factors. It includes:

International movement of labor;

International movement of capital through international credit;

Direct foreign investment.

The reasons for the international movement of factors of production are not inherently different from the reasons that determine international trade. But although there is a methodological commonality in the analysis of international trade and the movement of factors, nevertheless, the analysis of the latter requires some expansion of the concepts associated with the movement of goods and services.

1. A country with an excess of labor resources, under the influence of certain circumstances, can import capital-intensive goods; under the influence of others

Obtain capital by borrowing abroad.

2.A country with excess capital can import labor-intensive goods or attract immigrant workers.

3. A country that cannot maintain efficient production levels may import goods in which large firms have an advantage or allow affiliates of foreign firms to produce these goods.

The international movement of factors of production in practice creates greater difficulties than international trade. This is due to strict immigration restrictions, direct government control over the movement of capital, strict regulation of foreign direct investment, etc.

This is why it is initially possible to analyze trade in the absence of movement of factors. Nevertheless, the movement of factors is very important, because it significantly increases the efficiency of the productive forces of the world. It is the subject of special analysis.

Analysis of the international movement of factors of production usually begins with the analysis of international mobility of labor resources - the simplest form of movement of factors.

The economic nature of international labor migration.

International labor migration as a concept reflects the relationship between two main processes: emigration and immigration.

Emigration is the departure of a certain contingent of people from one country to another.

Immigration is the entry of labor into a receiving country.

The interconnection of these processes is indicated, in particular, by re-emigration, which is usually understood as the return of labor to the country of emigration.

International labor migration is caused by factors of internal economic development of each individual country and external factors, i.e. the state of the international economy, economic relations between countries.

During certain periods, political, military, national, cultural and other social factors may also act as factors and driving forces of international labor mobility.

The reasons for international labor migration can only be understood as a specific combination of these factors.

Traditionally, the main reason is the economic cause of international labor migration associated with the scale, pace and structure of capital accumulation.

So, international labor migration is, first of all, a form of movement of surplus population from one center of capital accumulation to another. This is the essence of the economic nature of labor migration.

However, international labor migration involves not only the unemployed, but also part of the working population, whose wages do not provide them with a living wage. In this case, the driving motive for migration is the search for more favorable working conditions. As a rule, this goal is achieved in economically developed countries with a higher standard of living.

The international movement of labor resources in its development goes through 4 main stages

Stage 1 is directly related to the industrial revolution, which took place in Europe at the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. The consequence of this revolution was that the accumulation of capital was accompanied by the growth of its organic structure. The latter led to the formation of “relative overpopulation”, which caused mass emigration from Europe to North America, Australia, and New Zealand. This marked the beginning of the formation of the global labor market

The formation of the global labor market contributed to:

Economic development in countries of immigration, since it satisfied the urgent need of these countries for labor resources, in conditions of high rates of capital accumulation and the lack of reserves for attracting labor,

Colonization of sparsely populated areas of the earth and drawing new countries into the world economic system.

Stage II covers the period from the 80s of the 19th century. before World War 1. During this period, the scale of capital accumulation increases significantly, a characteristic feature of which is the increasing unevenness of this process within the world economy. The high level of concentration of production and capital in advanced countries (USA, UK, etc.) causes an increased demand for additional labor, stimulates immigration from less developed countries (backward countries). European countries, India, China, etc.). Under these conditions, the structure and qualification composition of migrants changes. At the beginning of the 20th century. the bulk of migrants were unskilled labor

Stage III covers the period between the two world wars. A feature of this stage is the reduction in the scale of international labor migration, including intercontinental migration and even re-emigration from the classic immigrant country - the USA. This was due to the following reasons:

1. The consequences of the global economic crisis of 1929-33, which manifested itself in increased unemployment in developed countries and the need to limit migration processes;

2. The closed-totalitarian nature of the development of the USSR, which excluded it from the circle of labor force emigrant countries.

Stage IV began after World War II and continues to this day. It is caused by scientific and technological revolution, the monopolization of international labor markets and which is called “brain drain”;

Strengthening state and interstate regulation of labor migration.

Scales, forms and directions of international migration.

By the end of the 20th century. the number of countries involved in the international migration process has increased significantly, primarily due to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the CIS. The number of migrants amounted to about 1% of the planet's population

Equally important in this process is taking into account the high territorial concentration of migration and the specific nature of the use of labor of migrant workers. These circumstances play a significant role in the system of international economic relations as a way of interstate and intracorporate redistribution of labor within the world economy

Among the most important centers of attraction for foreign workers, which determine the modern directions of international labor migration, we can highlight: North and South America, Western Europe, Southeast and Western Asia. Of these, the largest are the USA and Canada, which historically have been and remain areas of mass immigration of population and labor.

The countries of Western Europe are successfully competing with them, where the total number of people affected by migration in the post-war period is estimated at 30 million people. Characteristically, in the last 20 years, more than 1 million people move annually in search of work from one European country to another, i.e. .take part in intra-continental interstate labor exchange.

The Persian Gulf region has become a new point of concentration for international labor forces.

On the African continent, the centers of gravity are the countries of Southern and Central Africa.

The main forms of migration processes are usually identified. permanent migration. This form prevailed until World War 1 and was characteristic of those; that significant masses of people left their countries forever and moved for permanent residence to the USA, Canada, Australia, etc. Relocation in the opposite direction was insignificant;

Temporary migration, which involves the return of migrants to their homeland after the end of a certain period. In this regard, it should be noted that modern labor migration has acquired a rotational character;

Illegal migration, which is very beneficial to entrepreneurs of immigrant countries, and constitutes a kind of reserve of the labor force they need

Consequences of international movement of labor resources.

The consequences of international migration are varied

1. The world as a whole benefits because freedom of migration allows people to move to countries where they can make a greater net contribution to world output

2.In the country of emigration.

a) reducing unemployment and generating certain income in the form of foreign currency as a result of remittances from emigrants. These excesses for many states constitute a significant part of foreign exchange earnings. When returning home, migrants bring with them valuables and savings in an amount approximately equal to the amount of their remittances.

b) with constant migration, conditions are created for the country to be deprived of a qualified workforce, losses associated with the so-called “brain drain”. In this regard, developing countries bear the greatest losses

In the country of emigration as a whole, losses exceed benefits. Possible government response measures could be:

Prohibition of emigration as such;

Tax on "brain drain"

Creation by the state of highly profitable industries that export labor.

3.In the country of immigration.

a) the receiving country benefits from taxes, the amount of which depends on the skill and age structure of immigrants. Thus, highly qualified specialists who already speak the language of the host country immediately become large taxpayers;

6) significant income comes from the transfer of knowledge from the country of emigration. Thus, in the USA, 23% of the members of the National Academy of Sciences, 33% of Nobel Prize laureates are immigrants;

c) immigration creates a surplus of labor, which makes it possible for entrepreneurs to increase competition in the labor market and restrain the growth of wages of local workers;

d) negative non-market effects generated by immigration include: social friction, exacerbation of national problems, crime, etc.

Regulation of international migration processes. The International Labour Organization

International migration processes are regulated by countries that participate in the exchange of labor resources. The social, age and professional composition of migrants, the level of entry and exit of foreign workers are subject to control and regulation. the function of interstate and intrastate distribution of labor force, determination of the volume and structure of migration flows is increasingly performed by the ministries of labor, internal affairs and foreign affairs, as well as specially created state and interstate bodies

An important element of state immigration policy is the establishment of the legal status of migrant workers, which determines their socio-economic, labor, housing and other rights enshrined in international agreements and in national legislation. This status does not give foreign workers political rights, in most cases limits their participation in professional activities, and regulates the length of stay of immigrants in the host country

Various aspects of labor migration and the status of foreign workers are reflected in bilateral and multilateral agreements, relevant national legislation and government regulations.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is also involved in regulating international labor migration. It functions as part of the SON

Objectives of the ILO: to promote social justice for workers everywhere; develop international policies and programs aimed at improving working and living conditions; establish international labor standards to serve as guidelines for national authorities in implementing these policies; implement a broad program of technical cooperation to assist governments in effectively implementing such policies in practice; provide training, education and research to promote the success of these efforts.

One of the most important functions of the ILO is the adoption of conventions and recommendations establishing international labor standards in such areas as freedom of association, wages, hours of work and working conditions, workers' compensation, social insurance, paid leave, occupational safety and health, labor recruitment services and labor inspection.

Ukrainein world migration processes Ukraine, as part of the USSR, was isolated from world migration processes. Now the first steps of civilized inclusion in these processes are being taken

1. Ukraine is a member of the ILO, which obliges it to comply with international migration standards

2. In Ukraine, organizations have emerged that provide services for employment abroad. Today, there are two main types of companies providing this type of service: information and consulting firms and implementation agencies.

3. The cost of establishing intermediary firms in Ukraine is that there are many “agents” for employment associated with the criminal business. Therefore, for the activities of information and consulting firms and implementation agencies in Ukraine, certificates and licenses from the Ministry of Labor of Ukraine are required

4. The main directions of migration flows from Ukraine are just beginning to emerge. Countries such as the USA, Canada, Israel, Germany, Greece, South Africa, etc. are identified as emigration vectors. Recently, Russia has become a center of attraction for emigrants. These countries are attracting flows of both highly qualified specialists (we are also talking about “brain drain”) and low-skilled workers who are ready to perform any activity.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site www.shpori4all.ru/

Chapter 2. International movement of labor resources.

2.1 International movement of factors of production in the international economic system. The place of labor migration in the international movement of production factors.

An important form of international cooperation is the international movement of factors of production. It includes:

International movement of labor;

International movement of capital through international credit;

Direct foreign investment.

The reasons for the international movement of factors of production are not inherently different from the reasons that determine international trade. But although there is a methodological commonality in the analysis of international trade and the movement of factors, nevertheless, the analysis of the latter requires some expansion of the concepts associated with the movement of goods and services.

1. A country with an excess of labor resources, under the influence of certain circumstances, can import capital-intensive goods; under the influence of others

Obtain capital by borrowing abroad.

2. A country with excess capital can import labor-intensive goods or attract immigrant workers.

3. A country that cannot maintain efficient production levels may import goods in which large firms have an advantage or allow subsidiaries of foreign firms to produce these goods.

The international movement of factors of production in practice creates greater difficulties than international trade. This is due to strict immigration restrictions, direct government control over the movement of capital, strict regulation of foreign direct investment, etc.

This is why it is initially possible to analyze trade in the absence of factor movement. Nevertheless, the movement of factors is very important, because it significantly increases the efficiency of the productive forces of the world. It is the subject of special analysis. Analysis of the international movement of factors of production usually begins with an analysis of the international mobility of labor resources - the simplest form of movement of factors .

2.2 The economic nature of international labor migration.

International labor migration as a concept reflects the relationship between two main processes: emigration and immigration.

Emigration is the departure of a certain contingent of people from one country to another.

Immigration is the entry of labor into a receiving country.

The interconnection of these processes is indicated, in particular, by re-emigration, which usually means the return of labor to the country of emigration.

International labor migration is caused by factors of internal economic development of each individual country and external factors, i.e. the state of the international economy, economic relations between countries.

In certain periods, political, military, national, cultural and other social factors may also act as factors and driving forces of international labor mobility.

The reasons for international labor migration can only be understood as a specific combination of the factors mentioned.

Traditionally, the main reason for international labor migration is the economic one, which is related to the scale, pace and structure of capital accumulation.

So, international labor migration is, first of all, a form of movement of surplus population from one center of capital accumulation to another. This is the essence of the economic nature of labor migration.

However, not only the unemployed are drawn into international labor migration, but also part of the working population whose wages do not provide them with a living wage. In this case, the driving motive for migration is the search for more favorable working conditions. As a rule, this goal is achieved in economically developed countries with a higher standard of living.

The international movement of labor resources in its development goes through 4 main stages:

Stage 1 is directly related to the industrial revolution, which took place in Europe at the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. The consequence of this revolution was that the accumulation of capital was accompanied by the growth of its organic structure. The latter led to the formation of “relative overpopulation”, which caused mass emigration from Europe to North America, Australia, and New Zealand. This marked the beginning of the formation of a global labor market

The formation of the global labor market contributed to:

Economic development in countries of immigration, since it satisfied the urgent need of these countries for labor resources, in conditions of high rates of capital accumulation and the lack of reserves for attracting labor,

Colonization of sparsely populated areas of the earth and drawing new countries into the world economic system.

Stage II covers the period from the 80s of the XIX century. before World War 1. During this period, the scale of capital accumulation increases significantly, a characteristic feature of which is the increased unevenness of this process within the world economy. The high level of concentration of production and capital in advanced countries (USA, UK, etc.) causes an increased demand for additional labor, stimulates immigration from less developed countries (backward countries of Europe, India, China, etc.). Under these conditions, the structure and qualification composition of migrants is changing. At the beginning of the 20th century. the bulk of migrants were unskilled labor

Stage III covers the period between the two world wars. A feature of this stage is the reduction in the scale of international labor migration, including intercontinental migration and even re-emigration from the classic immigrant country - the USA. This was due to the following reasons:

1. The consequences of the global economic crisis of 1929-33, manifested in the growth of unemployment in developed countries and the need to limit migration processes;

2. The closed-totalitarian nature of the development of the USSR, which excluded it from the circle of labor emigrant countries.

Stage IV began after World War II and continues to the present day. It is caused by scientific and technological revolution, the monopolization of international labor markets and which is called “brain drain”;

Strengthening state and interstate regulation of labor migration.

2.3 Scales, forms and directions of international migration. Consequences of international labor movement.

By the end of the 20th century. the number of countries involved in the international migration process has increased significantly, primarily due to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the CIS. The number of migrants amounted to about 1% of the planet's population

No less important in this process is taking into account the high territorial concentration of migration and the specific nature of the use of labor of migrant workers. These circumstances play a significant role in the system of international economic relations as a way of interstate and intracorporate redistribution of labor within the world economy

Among the most important centers of attraction for foreign workers that determine modern directions of international labor migration are: North and South America, Western Europe, Southeast and Western Asia. Of these, the largest are the USA and Canada, which historically have been and remain areas of mass immigration of population and labor.

The countries of Western Europe are successfully competing with them, where the total number of people affected by migration in the post-war period is estimated at 30 million people. It is characteristic that in the last 20 years more than 1 million people move annually in search of work from one European country to another, those. take part in intra-continental interstate labor exchange.

The Persian Gulf region has become a new point of concentration for international labor forces.

On the African continent, the centers of gravity are the countries of Southern and Central Africa.

The main forms of migration processes are usually distinguished:

Permanent migration. This form prevailed until World War 1 and was characteristic of those; that significant masses of people left their countries forever and moved to permanent residence in the USA, Canada, Australia, etc. Relocation in the opposite direction was insignificant;

Temporary migration, which involves the return of migrants to their homeland after a certain period of time. In this regard, it should be noted that modern labor migration has acquired a rotational character;

Illegal migration, which is very beneficial to entrepreneurs in immigrant countries and constitutes a kind of reserve of the labor force they need

The consequences of international migration are very diverse:

1. The world as a whole benefits because freedom of migration allows people to move to countries where they can make a greater net contribution to world output

2. In the country of emigration:

a) reduction in unemployment and the receipt of certain income in the form of foreign currency as a result of remittances from emigrants. These transfers for many countries constitute a significant part of foreign exchange earnings. When returning home, migrants bring with them valuables and savings in an amount approximately equal to the amount of their remittances.

b) with constant migration, conditions are created for the country to be deprived of qualified labor, losses associated with the so-called “brain drain”. In this regard, developing countries bear the greatest losses.

In the emigration country as a whole, losses exceed benefits. Possible government responses could include:

Prohibition of emigration as such;

Tax on "brain drain"

The creation by the state of highly profitable industries that export labor.

3. In the country of immigration.

a) the receiving country benefits from taxes, the amount of which depends on the skill and age structure of the immigrants. Thus, highly qualified specialists who already speak the language of the host country immediately become large taxpayers;

6) significant income comes from the transfer of knowledge from the country of emigration. Thus, in the USA, 23% of members of the National Academy of Sciences, 33% of Nobel Prize laureates are immigrants;

c) immigration creates a surplus of labor, which allows entrepreneurs to increase competition in the labor market and restrain the growth of wages of local workers;

d) negative non-market effects generated by immigration include: social tensions, exacerbation of national problems, crime, etc.

2.4 Regulation of international migration processes. The International Labour Organization

International migration processes are regulated by countries that participate in the exchange of labor resources. The social, age and professional composition of migrants, the level of entry and exit of foreign workers are subject to control and regulation. the function of interstate and intrastate distribution of labor, determining the volume and structure of migration flows is increasingly performed by the ministries of labor, internal affairs and foreign affairs, as well as specially created state and interstate bodies

An important element of state immigration policy is the establishment of the legal status of migrant workers, which determines their socio-economic, labor, housing and other rights enshrined in international agreements and in national legislation. This status does not give foreign workers political rights, in most cases limits their participation in professional activities, and regulates the length of stay of immigrants in the host country

Various aspects of labor migration and the status of foreign workers are reflected in bilateral and multilateral agreements, relevant national legislation and government regulations.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) also regulates international labor migration. It functions as part of the SON

The objectives of the ILO are: to promote social justice for workers everywhere; develop international policies and programs aimed at improving working and living conditions; establish international labor standards to serve as guidelines for national authorities in the implementation of these policies; implement a broad program of technical cooperation to assist governments in effectively putting such policies into practice; provide training, education and research to facilitate the success of these efforts.

One of the most important functions of the ILO is the adoption of conventions and recommendations establishing international labor standards in such areas as freedom of association, wages, hours of work and working conditions, workers' compensation, social insurance, paid leave, occupational safety, employment services labor force and labor inspection.

Conclusion

One of the elements of the productive forces is the labor resources of society. They express man’s relationship to nature and at the same time are endowed with a certain social socio-economic content and can be considered as an independent category in which productive forces and production relations interpenetrate and mutually determine each other.

The distribution and use of labor resources must be studied in sufficient connection with technological progress. At present, there is no republic where large scientific teams are not working on the problems of labor resources.

Interest in these problems is not accidental. It is due to the fact that labor is the basis of all economic processes occurring in society. The labor and working time available to society are ultimately regulators of social production.

Numerous studies of the problem of labor resources show how far we are still from fully mastering the methods of controlling the use of labor resources that society has, and how false the tasks of science and practice are in order to bring society closer to the ideal - the full and rational use of labor resources.

List of used literature

Safronova N.A. Economics of an organization (enterprise) - M.: economist, 2007.-618s

Andrianov V.D. About the labor resources of Russia.// BIKI..-1997 - No. 5 - p2

Andrianov V.D. National wealth of Russia.// BIKI..-2005.-No. 137. s1-3

Belozerova S. Labor and personnel movement in enterprises // Man and Labor -1993-No. 7 p. 42-47

Bushmarin I.V. Labor market in the modern economy // Society and economics..-1994.-p114-131

Bushmarin I.V. Relevance of the problem of demography, migration and labor resources. // Man and labor.. -2004- No. 7.- 50-56

Gavrilenkov E. Changing the structure of production and the formation of the labor market in Russia// Problems of theory and practice of management..-1993.-No. 2.- p51-54

Zheleztsova A Labor resources of an organization in modern conditions. // Marketing..-2003 - No. 2. –from 10-21

Zayonchkovskaya Zh.A. Labor emigration of Russian scientists // Forecasting problem-2004-No. 4 p. 98-108

Romanovsky A. The labor market in Russia and its prospects. // Russian Economic Journal..-1993. No. 9. – s72-79

Saraev A. Formation of labor resources and employment.// Economist..-2001.-No. 10- p72-77

Weather criterion Static diagram ost iynosti Metacentric height Criterion... 13.2 >> [k] = 1 Mu 11190 8.2 Static diagram ost In accordance with paragraph 2.2.1, maximum leverage... roll at maximum leverage static ostθm = 46є > [θm] ≥ 30є ...