Irony and sarcasm as speech-language means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society: based on the works of modern British fiction Dyrin, Anton Igorevich. Irony and sarcasm in English humor Recommended sp

This dissertation research belongs to a series of works with an anthropocentric focus in linguistics and is devoted to the linguocultural and sociolinguistic problem of studying irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society.

The second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries were marked by the full recognition of the anthropocentric paradigm as a priority in all humanities: philosophy, linguistics, psychology, etc. One of the leading postulates of the science of language is the recognition of the need to include humans in the focus of scientific research. This dissertation research, which has an undoubted anthropocentric orientation, is addressed to the problems of linguoculturology and sociolinguistics, the focus of which is human communicative behavior. Thus, British communicative behavior is characterized, as a rule, by an ironic and sarcastic attitude towards the surrounding reality. The most significant anthropologically oriented linguocultural and sociolinguistic works include monographs and scientific writings by foreign and domestic linguists, sociologists and cultural scientists: E. Benveniste, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. Humboldt, E. Sapir, B. Whorf, K. Vossler, M Heidegger, Yu.D. Apresyan, S.G. Vorkacheva, Yu.N. Karaulova, E.M. Vereshchagina, V.G. Kostomarova, D.S. Likhacheva, Yu.M. Lotman, A.A. Potebnya and others.

Linguocultural and sociolinguistic scientific works are devoted to the consideration of speech and language features of the transmission of extralinguistic human knowledge about a person and the world around him. Subjective knowledge gives ideas about the inner world of a person, about his communicative behavior, in which this world is reflected.

Communicative behavior, characterized by an ironic or sarcastic attitude of a particular person to the world around him, most fully reveals the personal traits of his character and provides information about speech-language “predilections” and preferences.

Note that recently a number of works have appeared devoted to the study of irony [Bryukhanova, 2004; Limareva, 1997; Mukhina, 2006; Orlov, 2005; Palkevich, 2001; Sergienko 1995; Usmanova 1995; etc.], and a smaller number of works in which sarcasm is explored to one degree or another [Volkova, 2005, etc.]. This is explained by the fact that sarcasm is more personalized and individual, as it indicates a very high degree of criticality of the linguistic personality. The basis of such criticality is a person’s feeling of complete dissatisfaction and disappointment in the world and people around him. Sarcasm is a psychologically conditioned form of caustic and bilious irony. Taking into account the linguo-emotional aspect of the linguistic personality [Zhirova, 2012], it can be argued that almost any ironic statement can be close to the pole of sarcasm.

This dissertation research seems very relevant due to the fact that irony and sarcasm are widely represented in British linguistic culture, but linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge about these speech-language means has not been sufficiently studied in anthropologically oriented linguistics. Thus, the question of evaluative linguistic means, which include irony and sarcasm, acquires special significance and needs to be clarified. In this case, it is necessary to take into account parameters of both linguistic and extralinguistic nature. This dissertation research also finds itself very relevant due to the insufficient knowledge of certain aspects of the semantics of irony and sarcasm, which function as means of conveying subjective evaluative modality.

Language is the most important constitutive component of a person. The scientific interest of the work lies not only and not so much in expanding the theoretical, practical and practical-methodological basis for studying the implementation of irony and sarcasm at various levels of language, but, mainly, in the study of how irony and sarcasm constitute the moral and ethical values ​​of a certain linguistic community , in particular - British society. In this regard, the scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time value as a linguocultural concept is considered as the basis for studying the linguistic mentality of the people. For the first time, irony and sarcasm are presented as means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society. What is new is the linguocultural approach to the analysis of irony and sarcasm, which allows us to present the moral and ethical values ​​of the British linguistic community.

The object of the study is the speech-language means of irony and sarcasm presented in works of modern British fiction. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the use of irony and sarcasm as means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society.

The purpose of the work is dictated by scientific and social requirements and is defined as a systematic understanding of the linguocultural speech and language means of irony and sarcasm from the position of revealing the moral and ethical values ​​of British society. The purpose of the work determines the formulation and solution of specific tasks:

1) consider the linguo-philosophical and linguo-cultural aspects of the category of value in language and speech, as well as reveal the axiological essence of irony and sarcasm as a specific feature of communicative behavior;

2) highlight and describe the semantic structure of an ironic / sarcastic statement;

3) analyze the anthropological characteristics of the British communicative personality and establish the specifics of his ironic and sarcastic communicative behavior;

4) describe the pragmatic component of irony and sarcasm;

5) consider the implementation of irony and sarcasm at the lexical, syntactic and text levels of language;

6) present the features of perception and evaluation of a subjective evaluative statement.

The formulated goals and objectives are based on methodological provisions: firstly, on the importance of irony and sarcasm in the communicative behavior of the British; secondly, about the level of perception and impact of an ironic or sarcastic statement, as well as response to such statements; thirdly, about the moral and ethical value of an ironic or sarcastic statement in British society; fourthly, the recognition that in a certain society cultural differences are based on the preference of one cultural dominant over others.

The methodological basis of the work was the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of linguoculturology (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.D. Arutyunova, E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov, S.G. Vorkachev, Yu.N. Karaulov, V.V. Krasnykh, D.S. Lotman, V.A. Potebnya, V.N. Telia, I.A. , A. Vezhbitskaya, V. Humboldt, E. Sapir, B. Whorf, etc.); sociolinguistics (V.A. Avrorin, L.B. Nikolsky, G.V. Stepanov, A.D. Schweitzer, R.T. Bell, S.M. Archer

1991], W. Bright, K. Burke, J.L. Firth, E.T. Hall, R. Kjolseth, B. Malinowski, K.L. Pike, etc.); linguistics (L.I. Borisova, N.G. Epifantseva, I.G. Zhirova, V.D. Ivshin, I.G. Koshevaya, E.L. Kuzmenko, A.A. Lebedeva, M.N. Levchenko, Yu.N Marchuk, M.G. Mirianashvili, A.B. Olyanich, L.K. Sviridova, L.A. G. Chalkova, S. Attardo, N. Chomsky, L.R. Galperin, H.P. Grice and others).

The material for the study was works of modern British fiction (D. Lodge, T. Sharpe), dictionaries and reference books, scientific texts and reviews of domestic and foreign linguists, sociologists, cultural experts, psychologists, including those published on the global Internet. The volume of analyzed illustrated material was about 3000 pages. They most clearly show the moral and ethical values ​​of British society, represented by ironic and sarcastic statements.

The formulated goals and objectives are based on the methodological position about the dialectical relationship of language, cognition and culture, their mutual conditionality. This, in turn, led to the use of a complex methodology that included a number of methods for the selection and subsequent processing of material in accordance with the objectives of the study. The general methods used include: a) component analysis (when studying the content plan of significant language units); b) textual and contextual analysis (identification of the deep semantic plan of linguistic units). Systematic and integrative approaches to language and culture were used (studying the parameters of linguistic units of a linguistic and extralinguistic nature).

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that, firstly, against the background of general interest in linguoculturology and sociolinguistics, the study contributes to the study of anthropologically oriented speech-language means; secondly, it complements the information about irony and sarcasm existing in the linguistic literature; thirdly, it expands knowledge about the communicative behavior of the British linguistic personality.

The practical value of the work lies in the fact that its main provisions and conclusions can be used in the preparation and development of seminars and lectures, special courses on text theory, linguoculturology, socioanthropology, sociolinguistics, communicative linguistics, pragmalinguistics, stylistics; when writing coursework, final qualification papers and master's theses. In addition, the data obtained during the study can be used in practical classes in the course of speech communication and the theory of intercultural communication.

Provisions for defense:

1. Irony and sarcasm reflect cultural dominants and moral and ethical values ​​in the British linguistic community.

2. Irony and sarcasm are independent forms of a special type of comic attitude towards the surrounding reality. They are characterized by a high intellectual and status level of this attitude towards the world around them.

3. Irony and sarcasm in the structure of a literary text carry an open and hidden (veiled) semantic load, different from any other type of comic (jokes, anecdote), since they allow the linguistic personality to present himself as reliably as possible through these speech-language means.

4. Irony and sarcasm are represented by a wide range of lexical and stylistic means at all levels of language, which undoubtedly increases the potential of textual information and enhances the anthropocentric orientation of the text.

5. Irony and sarcasm reflect moral and ethical values ​​in language, since their semantic basis is a subjective-evaluative modality, which shows the subjective attitude of a particular person to the world around him.

6. Irony and sarcasm reflect a certain worldview and worldview of a particular person. Irony and sarcasm in British society are perceived positively and find the widest possible embodiment in the everyday life of the British, which is recorded in the texts of modern fiction. This allows us to classify them as a special form of mastery of the surrounding reality by the British.

Approbation of work. The content of the dissertation work and the results of the research were discussed at meetings of the Department of Indo-European and Oriental Languages ​​of the Institute of Literary Literature and Mathematics of Moscow State University: (2009 - 2012); presented at scientific theoretical conferences of the Institute of Literary and Mathematical Culture of Moscow State University, dedicated to linguistic problems: “Translation and cognitive science in the 21st century” (2010), “Linguistic aspects of intercultural communication” (2010); tested in classes with students in modern English as part of practical classes on intercultural communication in the 4th year, as well as lectures and seminars on linguocognitology in the 5th year of the linguistic faculty of ILiMK MGOU.

The dissertation materials are reflected in 7 publications with a total volume of about 2 pp, including one article published in a publication recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.

Terminology. Key terms of scientific work (value judgment, subjective-evaluative modality, value, value-semantic space, mental-lingual complex, communicative behavior, etc.) are explained in the relevant sections of the dissertation research.

Structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, introductory remarks and tasks for three chapters, three chapters, conclusions for the chapters, a conclusion, a list of scientific literature, dictionaries and reference books, a list of empirical research material.

CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER THREE

The main objective of the third chapter is to consider the most significant linguostylistic features of such linguocultural phenomena as irony and sarcasm. A linguistic approach to the study of irony and sarcasm made it possible to explore the nature of the comic in the laughter culture of Great Britain. The main conclusions from the chapter are as follows:

1. The comic in the culture of laughter is the property of the author’s consciousness, reflecting the national and cultural specifics of the country. It is caused by social contradictions, its value lies in exposure and criticism. A person's character is revealed in what he finds funny. Irony and sarcasm, as elements of the comic, are critical, analytical and intellectual in nature, but in terms of pragmatic impact, sarcasm is more effective, since it is able to express stronger emotions of the addressee.

2. Irony and sarcasm as linguistic phenomena can be classified according to many parameters. Thus, in linguistics, situational irony/sarcasm and verbal irony/sarcasm are distinguished; open, hidden and personal; impersonal and self-irony; situational and associative.

3. Irony and sarcasm are implemented in the text at the lexical level. Lexical models of their implementation are correlated with each other. An ironic or sarcastic meaning can be represented through a) the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings of a word; b) dictionary fixed phraseological units; c) implementation of two lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word.

4. Irony and sarcasm are implemented in the text at the syntactic level. Thus, an ironic or sarcastic effect is explicated through transpositions: a negative form of a sentence into an affirmative one, exclamatory sentences. The explicit tone of the syntactic structure indicates a high degree of contextualization of an ironic or sarcastic statement.

5. Ironic or sarcastic meaning is realized at the text level, which presupposes knowledge of the widest possible context.

6. The contextual conditionality of irony and sarcasm increases from the lexical level to the textual level. Ironic and sarcastic statements are evaluative, for the interpretation of which the textual press position presupposes knowledge of the text. Pressuposition underlies the formation of communicative competencies of the addressee and addressee.

CONCLUSION

The dissertation presents an anthropocentric study of irony and sarcasm based on works of contemporary British fiction. Irony and sarcasm play a special role in the communicative behavior of the British. The work was carried out within the framework of a relatively new area of ​​linguistics - linguocultural studies, taking into account the linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of their research. Turning to irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society indicates the need for a comprehensive and multidimensional consideration of the object under study.

The linguoculturological approach seems to us to be very productive, since it involves addressing the communicative behavior of not only an individual, but also the nation as a whole.

Due to the little development of this issue in modern linguistics and the exceptional complexity in identifying the nature and role of irony and sarcasm, we have undertaken a multifaceted examination of it: linguoculturological, sociolinguistic and linguistic. Questions of the status of irony and sarcasm in the science of language have been of interest to scientific thinkers dealing with problems of linguistics, philosophy, cultural studies and sociology for many centuries.

Our study of these speech-language phenomena showed that they represent a wide field for the scientific development of new approaches to the object of research within the framework of linguoculturology. The significant material accumulated in stylistics and literary criticism in the field of studying irony and sarcasm, as well as their “representation” in a literary text, seems to us to be a relatively small part of the predicted knowledge. Expanding the scope of their linguistic research, we have made an attempt to build a holistic system of provisions indicating their special place (status) in the science of language. Irony and sarcasm as linguistic and cultural phenomena (elements of laughter culture) certainly reflect the moral and ethical values ​​of British society. These speech-language phenomena indicate the dominance of certain communicative and cultural values ​​of the British. Of course, we took into account that scientific approaches, points of view, as well as factual material containing irony and sarcasm, could be scientifically, including linguistically, systematized and described.

The work presents a system for describing such speech-language phenomena as irony and sarcasm, which are of particular value for representatives of a certain ethnic group (in our case, British) and correspond to parallel systems of cultural studies and sociology. Thus, our study of irony and sarcasm showed that this approach is potentially productive, since it is aimed at the depth of comprehension of human essence, sometimes expressed in ironic or sarcastic behavior. The mechanisms for describing irony and sarcasm can be extrapolated to systems for describing similar and/or more extensive semantic structures, in particular the linguistic picture of the comic, presented in the laughter culture of any country.

The dissertation attempts to substantiate some possible ways of representing irony and sarcasm as a certain way of perceiving the world. Anthropocentric orientations of the socio- and linguistic-cultural plane of irony and sarcasm are manifested very significantly in modern British fiction. Thus, at present, many British writers widely use these speech-language means in their works.

In our scientific work, we connected the classical linguistic tradition (V.V. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin, etc.), in which the moral and ethical factor of irony and sarcasm was implicitly present, with modern research in linguistic, primarily linguocultural, science of person. New scientific linguistic ideas about man “grow” from traditional linguistics, which pays close attention to literary text. Because of this, our research is based on the basic principles of classical linguistics.

Having undertaken a comprehensive description of the linguocultural phenomena of irony and sarcasm, we obtained results on the basis of which the linguoculturological picture of their “representation” in the laughter culture of Great Britain is modeled. The analysis of irony and sarcasm in a literary text made it possible to describe them not only statically, but also dynamically.

The main difficulty in describing irony and sarcasm as means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society is that the breadth and complexity of explicating their representative means in language and speech is very great. Thus, sometimes irony and sarcasm can be identified as a result of familiarization not with individual elements of the text, but with the full text of the novel.

The dissertation research revealed the pragmatic potential of these speech-language means, which made it possible to fully present the communicative functions of irony and sarcasm.

However, our research does not put an end to the study of this problem. In the process of working on the dissertation, new questions emerged that required resolution and further processing: a) consideration of the psycholinguistic role of irony and sarcasm in the formation of ideological guidelines of a particular person; b) study of irony and sarcasm in pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Thus, these and other problems constitute the prospect of further research.

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