We are taking a career aptitude test. Klimov E.A

NEED, CAN, WANT-4

Where are the interests hidden?--

If you check for errors -5

Give or receive?-7

IN THE LABYRINTH OF HUMAN AFFAIRS-8

Let's make some choices-9

World map of professions-43

“I” AND “WE” THAT YOU CAN STIP ON-47

What is a “king in the head”?--

“Molecules of Labor”-51

Invisible “threads”-56

Central regulators of behavior-62

Where does professional suitability reside?-64

Intelligence and creativity in practical work-71

Cretan-Mycenaean culture, Shakespeare and carburetor-77

AND AGAIN IN THE WORLD OF PROFESSIONS-83

Find out, transform, invent -84

Tools - ability enhancers -94

Is the society of the future a society of button pushers?-97

Water, fire and copper pipes-102

What is a profession? -106

General overview of the classification of professions-110

WHO IS THE CHIEF DESIGNER OF A PROFESSIONAL LIFE PATH?-115

Imitate, guess or design?--

Is it possible to calculate the choice? -119

Eight corners of the situation of choosing a profession-121

Mistakes and difficulties in choosing a profession-128

PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION-135

In the thickets of information--

It’s good to “get sick” -138

Some tips for self-education-140

Apparent and actual freedom of choice-141

Approximate scheme for solving the problem of choosing a profession-143

NATIONAL ECONOMY IS INTERESTING-153

SUMMARY-INDEX OF THE MAIN IDEAS OF BOOK-157

Small bibliographic consultation-158

Preface

THIS BOOK does not need to be read in its entirety. You can’t even read it all in a row - page by page. It is designed so that different readers will take different paths through its pages. And not because one reader is “better” and another is “worse”. Both people and paths may be different, but at the same time equally valuable.

Depending on your personal characteristics and experience, the book offers you to familiarize yourself with a certain number of paragraphs and sections and will help you take your professional path more correctly than if you had done it without it. But a book cannot pull a person by the sleeve and lead him to the admissions office of an educational institution. What kind of power does a book have so that it can help you in an important practical matter?

A primitive man would not have needed such a book - there were no professions. In a slave society, the worker was deprived of independence of choice. Under feudalism, the choice of occupation was determined by what class a person belonged to - professions were not so much chosen as they were passed on as a valuable family inheritance. Under capitalism, class restrictions collapsed, but economic ones came to the fore.

In our society, both training and professional development are paid for by society. But there remains one more limitation of choice - there are a lot of professions, an infinite number. Therefore, it is difficult to choose. And the force with which you can overcome this difficulty is awareness, the awareness of a person.

Useful information about the world of professions, about the rules for choosing a profession, about the paths of vocational education - this is what you need when thinking about your future professional path. And the book is structured in such a way that you can talk to her about many important things in the field of choosing a profession. How will this happen? You will see if you start reading from the very beginning and continue to complete the tasks you encounter along the way. Thinking about a future profession is always useful for those who have already made a choice. To think means to ask yourself a lot of questions and try to find answers to them. This is exactly what the book will help you with.

I NEED, I CAN, I WANT

IN ORDER TO CORRECTLY CHOOSE a future business that suits your liking and ability, knowledge and prudence alone are not enough. You need to consciously and independently take a position of equal respect for different types of work. It's not easy at all. Even many working adults can have biased, biased and unfair opinions about “others”, about “alien” activities. We are often hindered here by unconscious feelings, prejudices and even love for our chosen work. And people’s affairs can sometimes be unexpectedly varied: there are people who devote the best time of their lives to studying cranberries and are concerned about preserving swamps, others see the meaning of their work precisely in draining and destroying swamps; some professionals are in love with metal, others are ardent advocates of replacing metal with plastic; Some devote their energy to creating durable plastics, while others are passionate about the idea of creating plastics (for packaging products) that, after a certain time, would collapse without residue and thus would not pollute the human environment...

WHERE ARE THE INTERESTS HIDDEN?

For example, there is a book “Thermal dissociation of compounds” on the counter. Is she interesting or not? This question doesn't make sense. After all, “interest” is not a property of a book. The experience of interest and interest is characteristic of humans. Therefore, one person is now interested in this book, but another is not. A person who deals with soldering and complex solder joints will actively look for this book and study it with enthusiasm. And you can’t tear yourself away from a book with the title “Chorology of Flora”. It turns out that the information contained in it about the medicinal properties of plants is now important to him.

What is not interesting to a person now may become excitingly interesting tomorrow. Life confronts him with a difficult task to solve, and he develops an interest in certain information. Therefore, it would be very short-sighted to consider one’s own “today’s” interests as the yardstick for distinguishing between “interesting” and “uninteresting” things. There are no uninteresting subjects, but there are people who are not interested in them. The same is true with professions. There are no “interesting” and “uninteresting” professions, but there are people who are interested or who are not yet interested in one or another profession.

At this point you might be thinking, “Uh, no. Here the author is not entirely right. After all, it is customary to say “an interesting subject”, “an interesting topic”. I will answer this objection this way: after all, it is customary to say “the sun rises” or “sets.” But in fact, as you well know, it is not the sun that “walks” around us, but our planet that rotates in relation to it. By tradition, we use the usual short turns of speech. But it is useful not to be captured by them, but to understand what they really mean. So, we will distinguish between the properties of a person (for example, his interests) and the properties of the world of professions.

IF YOU ARE CHECKING FOR ANY ERRORS...

Everyone can learn many different things. But not all at once. Therefore, you have to make a choice. You cannot be a builder of a new society in general, a creator in general, a seeker in general. You can create, fight, build, and search only on a certain career path, job position, among certain people (representatives of a particular professional community). Historically, things have developed in such a way that different job positions require certain personal qualities and certain behavior from a person.

For example, a livestock breeder should be interested in the development, reproduction, and behavior of animals; be observant (after all, the animal will not say: “I have a stomach ache” or “I’m tired of this feed, I want clover,” but you need to know about its condition); the livestock breeder must also be discreet and clean, caring and very prudent.

A good repairman is one who is “drawn” to technology, who “keeps in mind” clear ideas about parts, assemblies, mechanisms, machines, and tools. And he not only “holds” them, but also mentally operates with them (the hands obey the head, and before they become “golden”, the head must become “golden”).

A salesperson, teacher or production organizer must have a special interest in people, their behavior, needs, and be sociable, restrained, calm and firm.

For an accountant and economist, the world of documents, figures, calculations appears as full of lively interest. “You can’t tear yourself away from the balance sheet until you finish it,” says the professional. Here you need the ability to concentrate work alone, accuracy, accuracy, the ability to clearly imagine what lies behind columns of numbers, documentary records, you need to be observant to the intricacies of document preparation (down to the peculiarities of the “squiggles” in signatures).

An artistic decoration painter is fascinated by the world of colors, lines, shapes (he does artistic paintings; he cuts walls, for example, to look like oak, walnut, or fabric); he needs artistic taste and a skillful hand... And there are thousands of professions.

Personal qualities develop if a person is persistently and systematically engaged in some activity. But it is important to remember something else: at the age of 14-18, a person already has many features that significantly distinguish him from his peers. For example, you have less experience and knowledge in some matters, and more in others. In some activities, you are less successful, you get tired faster or start to get nervous (angry, lost, etc.), while in others you can’t keep up with you, and most importantly, you do them with pleasure, without noticing time and without getting tired . All these are the results of your many years of development. It is impossible not to take him into account when planning your life path. After all, 14 years is a long time. During this time, people manage to invent new cars, build them, use them, scrap them and replace them with new ones. And the growing person has time to develop and change.

It's not just about your deeds, success in class, at school. When choosing a profession, it is very important to also take into account extracurricular activities, even those that seem to be an obstacle to study. Much of what you do at school, at home, among your peers contains “pieces” of one or another professional activity. For example, you figure out how to better and more economically cut the paper for wrapping a book - this is a piece, a simplified model of the work of a cutter, cutter, marker. You are trying to explain to a younger person the rules of playing volleyball or explaining to him how best to sew on a button - this is a piece, a model of the work actions of a teacher (coach, industrial training master). You are involved in preparing a classroom or school hall for a holiday - this is somewhat similar to the work of a graphic designer or interior design artist. If you check whether there are any errors in written work, then this is reminiscent of the work of a proofreader in a printing house or an editor in a publishing house. So, many of your academic and extracurricular activities can be considered as related to labor and professional activities. It is this, albeit distant, relationship that gives some reason to think about the choice of a future business, to “fit yourself in” to the world of professions, and not just follow random considerations.

GIVE OR RECEIVE?

Why is there delicious bread on the dinner table? Why don't we fall through the floor? Why can we read? Why do the pictures in the book make us happy?.. All this, in particular, because some of the older generation, adults, know how to grow rye and wheat, and others know how to grind grain, bake various products from flour, and organize trade. Some people know how to do calculations, design or build houses, while others teach children to be smart and draw well. Not just knows how, but knows how and loves to do something useful for others. Yes, just for others. After all, in modern society no one does everything that he needs for himself. For example, a paper machine operator produces a huge amount of paper. He doesn't need that much of it himself. At the same time, the weaver produces a lot of fabric, the installers of electric vacuum devices produce a countless number of light bulbs... and as a result, everyone will be provided with everything they need. Everyone receives because they give. At their work positions, people do certain useful things. Material rewards (salaries) also correspond to useful deeds. But no one can do everything at once. It is necessary, as already mentioned, to choose a limited area of application of one’s forces. Making a good choice means choosing a job that, firstly, is needed by people and society, secondly, can be accessible and feasible for you in the future, and thirdly, can bring you satisfaction and joy. Briefly, the formula for a good choice is expressed in three words: “need”, “can”, “want”.

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Klimov Evgeniy Aleksandrovich (born 06/11/1930, Vyatskie Polyany, Kirov region) is a domestic psychologist, a major specialist in the field of occupational psychology.

Graduated from the Department of Russian Language, Logic and Psychology, Faculty of History and Philology, Kazan University (1953). Psychologist, Doctor of Psychology (since 1969), professor (since 1970), leading specialist in the field of occupational psychology, head of the department of occupational psychology and engineering psychology (since 1983) and dean of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (1986-1992). Chairman of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Educational and Methodological Association of Universities of the Russian Federation in Psychology (1988-1992), Chairman of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Educational and Methodological Association for Teacher Education at Universities of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Psychological Society (since 1994).

His interest in labor psychology was formed during his student years under the influence of Professor Merlin (Perm). Under his leadership, he studied the characteristics of the attitude to work of people suffering from various mental illnesses. The central idea of this work and the subsequent cycle of scientific research was to substantiate (in the traditions of W. Taylor) ways of working, to create highly effective, reliable, individually original methods of work. Klimov published over 150 works.

Reviews about the author "Klimov E.A."

Psychological diagnostics in personnel management

The training manual is addressed to personnel service employees interested in the effective use of psychological tests in their daily work.

The book is based on the experience of psychodiagnostic practice of the authors in the personnel management services of commercial and government organizations, as well as the development of the department of “Personnel Management” of the Institute for Advanced Training of Civil Servants of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.

downloadPsychodiagnostics

Choice of profession

Every person sooner or later has to choose a profession. When you’re young, it’s easy to make a mistake, and once you make a mistake it can be difficult to correct. The problem of professional self-determination is of particular relevance in the conditions of modern society and is one of the main ones for every high school student. His entire future life depends on her decision. The correct choice of profession contributes to the achievement of the highest performance in work, and satisfaction with the work process and its results makes it possible to more fully implement all life plans.

Professional self-determination should be carried out taking into account a person’s abilities, interests and inclinations. However, in the current Russian conditions, the choice of profession is influenced by many other factors, for example, material wealth that a particular profession can provide; the prestige of this profession today; need for a particular profession; ease of admission to university; cost of education; location of the university (close or far from home) and a number of others. Often the most pronounced motives for choosing a profession (for example, achieving material well-being in the future) turn out to be inadequate to the individual’s capabilities during training, and an imbalance arises between the requirements of the profession and the individual’s abilities.

Basics of choosing a profession

Making the right choice means finding a profession that:

Interesting and attractive (I want) - these are those activities that are done with interest, with desire, on one’s own initiative (both at school and outside of school hours). If you like the chosen business, then the person will be more willing to work, improve his skills, enjoy authority and, ultimately, earn more.

Is in demand in the labor market (must) - this is knowledge about promising specialties that are in demand in the labor market and what is the likelihood of employment in the chosen profession.

Available and feasible (I can) - these are the capabilities of a person: his abilities, state of health, level of knowledge and skills. For example, in some things a person is more successful, he can do something for a long time without getting tired, but in others, on the contrary, he quickly begins to get nervous, angry, and nothing works out for him.

The task of an educational psychologist is to help a teenager learn to make independent choices throughout his life and take the following steps:

Step one - “I want” - finding your goal, finding out the future result.

Step two - “I can” - discovering and mastering your abilities.

Step three - “My limitations” - identifying obstacles on the path of life in achieving significant goals.

Step four - “My Plan” - a joint search for ways and means to overcome obstacles on the way to goals, a test of strength in chosen areas of activity.

Step five - “My achievements” - assessment of intermediate results (where I am now, am I moving in the right direction), adjustment of goals or paths to achievement (assessment, analysis, new plan).

Can a psychologist help you choose a profession?

Yes, of course, a psychologist will help in identifying the interests and inclinations of students, personality orientation, primary professional intentions, determining social attitudes and will assist in their formation.

Career guidance work with schoolchildren includes: professional diagnostics, professional counseling, trainings, elective classes, elective courses, conversations, excursions, professional tests, practical, research, design work, work with parents and provides for the formation of professionally important qualities in the chosen type of activity, assessment and adjustment of professional plans; introducing students to ways of preparing for their chosen profession, achieving results in professional activities and self-development in it.

The purpose of professional diagnostics is to study the student’s personality for the purpose of professional self-determination. In the process of professional diagnostics, the characteristic features of a person are studied: value orientations, interests, needs, inclinations, abilities, professional intentions, orientation, character traits, temperament, health status. At school, only certain elements of preliminary psychodiagnostics are carried out for the purpose of professional consultation, and in this case, psychodiagnostics is a component of professional consultation.

To determine the maturity of professional plans, a survey method is usually used. Diagnostics can be an element of psychological education aimed at forming an image of “I”, an idea of oneself as an individual and a subject of professional activity. To study the interests, inclinations, and motives for choosing the profession of optants, well-known methods are used: “Map of Interests”, “Differential Diagnostic Questionnaire” (DDI).

Professional consultation is aimed at establishing the compliance of individual psychological and personal characteristics with the specific requirements of a particular profession. The psychological meaning of consultation is to help a person solve problems himself.

1. Identification of interests, inclinations, professional preferences.

2. Formation of an image of an “ideal” profession.

3. Analysis of the world of professions and concretization of the “ideal” image in the form of possible options for professions.

4. Analysis of psychological portraits of real professions.

5. Study of the individual psychological characteristics of the client.

6. Comparison of identified features with the requirements of professions.

7. Clarification of the profession, development of a program and methods of mastering the profession.

High school students have a strong need to consult a psychologist about their professional choice. Depending on the degree of development of their professional plans and the level of development of abilities, the psychologist outlines a strategy for conducting a consultation. For some, two or three conversations and a brief diagnostic examination are enough to make a decision on choosing a profession and begin preparing for it. For others, an in-depth examination and multiple consultations are required to approach this decision.

Before the start of professional consultations, a study is carried out of the professional intentions and level of development of certain abilities of schoolchildren. It is obvious that students who have expressed professional interests and a fairly stable professional plan are in the least need of help, and they are advised only if they independently contact a psychologist. Such students turn to a psychologist to receive confirmation of the correctness of the choice they have already made. Working with less successful students in this regard is not limited to a few consultations.

A psychologist can outline a plan for a student’s in-depth study of professions of interest, which includes familiarization with professional literature. As a result of this work, some students will strengthen their career plans, while others may experience a change in their intentions.

At the end of this stage, the psychologist begins correctional work. If the student does not have serious problems in the development of important qualities, a plan for self-training and the formation of the required abilities is outlined, a system of psychotraining is proposed (development of the necessary type of attention, memory, spatial thinking, etc.), and then a detailed discussion with the students of their achievements is carried out, emerging difficulties and ways to overcome them.

In general, all professional consulting work is structured in such a way that it turns from diagnostic into diagnostic and correctional. All stages of consultation serve one purpose - to activate the student, to create in him a desire to independently choose a profession, taking into account the knowledge gained with the help of a career consultant about his abilities and prospects for their development.

A professional consultation can be completed by a conversation with a discussion of the work done, the formulation of recommendations, a decision to continue implementing the planned plan or to revise the initially chosen areas of activity, adjusting professional intentions, etc.

Group consultations are traditionally used in career counseling for schoolchildren. The optimal number of people consulted is 12 - 15 people. Developmental group consultation involves the use of active methods of working in a group. These include simulation and card career guidance games, the use of elements of socio-psychological training, psychotechnical games and exercises. Imitation games simulate professional activity, thereby giving the opportunity to play out social and professional relationships, which is especially important in adolescence, when real experience is still small. The game necessarily ends with a discussion, during which feedback is established between the participants and the psychologist and the group; students analyze in which situations difficulties arose, which psychological qualities contributed and which hindered the completion of the task.

The use of elements of socio-psychological training, role-playing games and exercises in the process of group consultation stimulates the participants’ interest in the problem of professional choice, allows them to better know themselves, their capabilities, abilities, and understand the motives of behavior.

Helping with reasonable career planning, the training turns out to be a means of correcting the professional intentions and attitudes of schoolchildren for subsequent self-determination. The experience of experiences in a group becomes an important emotional component of students’ socio-psychological activity in choosing a career. The psychologist selects games taking into account the personal characteristics of the participants, the level of their psychological readiness for a professional choice, the most common mistakes made when choosing a career by schoolchildren of a particular group.

Literature:

Zeer, E.F. Psychology of professional self-determination in early youth / E.F. Zeer, O.A. Rudey. - M.: Publishing house MPSI, Voronezh: MODEK, 2008.

Pryazhnikov, N.S. Theory and practice of professional self-determination / N.S. Pryazhnikov. - M.: MGPPI, 1999.

Psychological support for choosing a profession / ed. L.M. Mitina. - M.: Flinta, 2003.

Workbook of a school psychologist / ed. I.V. Dubrovina - M: Education, 2001.

Application

Differential diagnostic questionnaire (DDO E.A. Klimova)

The methodology is intended for selection for various types of professions in accordance with the classification of types of professions by E.A. Klimov. The subject must select only one type in each of the 20 pairs of proposed activities and put the “+” sign in the corresponding cell of the answer sheet.

Test instructions

“We assume that after appropriate training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only from two options, which would you prefer?

Answer form (DDO E.A. Klimova)

FI_______________________________________________________Class_________________

1b. Maintain machines, devices (monitor, regulate)

2a. Help the sick

2b. Create tables, diagrams, programs for computers

Behind. Monitor the quality of book illustrations, posters, art cards, and records

3b. Monitor the condition and development of plants

4a. Process materials (wood, fabric, metal, plastic, etc.)

4b. Bring Products to consumers, advertise, sell

5a. Discuss popular science books and articles

5 B. Discuss fiction books (or plays, concerts)

6a. Raise young animals (animals of any breed)

6b. Train comrades (or juniors) in performing any activities (labor, educational, sports)

7a. Copy drawings, images (or tune musical instruments)

7b. Operate any cargo (lifting or transport) vehicle - a crane, tractor, diesel locomotive, etc.

8a. Inform and explain to people the information they need (at the information desk, on excursions, etc.)

8b. Design exhibitions, showcases (or participate in the preparation of plays, concerts)

9a. Repair things, products (clothing, equipment), housing

9b. Find and correct errors in texts, tables, figures

10a. To treat animals

10b. Perform calculations, calculations

11a. Breed new plant varieties

11b. Design, design new types of industrial products (cars, clothes, houses, food, etc.)

12a. To sort out disputes, quarrels between people, to convince, to explain, to punish, to encourage

12b. Understand drawings, diagrams, tables (check, clarify, put in order)

13a. Observe and study the work of amateur art groups

13b. Observe and study the life of microbes

14a. Maintain and set up medical devices and devices

14b. Provide medical assistance to people for injuries, bruises, burns, etc.

156. Artistically describe, depict events (observed and imagined)

15a. Compose accurate descriptions and reports about observed phenomena, events, measured objects, etc.

16a. Do laboratory tests in the hospital

16b. Receive, examine patients, talk with them, prescribe treatment

17a. Paint or paint the walls of premises, the surface of products

17b. Install or assemble machines and devices

18a. Organize cultural outings for peers or younger people to theaters, museums, excursions, hiking trips, etc.

18b. Play on stage, take part in concerts

19a. Manufacture parts, products (cars, clothes) according to drawings, build buildings

19b. Drawing, copying drawings, maps

20a. Fight against plant diseases, forest and garden pests

20b. Operate keyboard machines (typewriter, teletype, typesetting machine, etc.)

Processing and interpretation of test results

Types of professions Question numbers

Man-nature 1a, 3b, 6a, 10a, 11a, 13b, 16a, 20a

Human technology 1b, 4a, 7b, 9a, 11b, 14a, 17b, 19a

Human-human 2a, 4b, 6b, 8a, 12a, 14b, 16b, 18a

Man-sign system 2b, 5a, 9b, 10b, 12b, 15a, 19b, 20b

Man-artistic image 3a, 5b, 7a, 8b, 13a, 15b, 17a, 18b

For each match with the key, one point is awarded.

Interpretation of test results

Brief description of types of professions

I. “Man-nature”. If you love working in the garden, vegetable garden, caring for plants and animals, or love the subject of biology, then check out the “man-nature” professions.

The subject of labor for representatives of most professions such as “man-nature” are:

Animals, conditions of their growth, life;

Plants, their growing conditions.

Study, research, analyze the condition and living conditions of plants or animals (agronomist, microbiologist, livestock specialist, hydrobiologist, agrochemist, phytopathologist);

Grow plants, care for animals (forester, field grower, florist, vegetable grower, poultry farmer, livestock breeder, gardener, beekeeper);

Carry out the prevention of plant and animal diseases (veterinarian, quarantine service doctor).

Psychological requirements of the “man-nature” professions:

Developed imagination, visual-figurative thinking, good visual memory, observation, ability to foresee and evaluate changing natural factors;

Since the results of activities are revealed after quite a long time, the specialist must have patience, perseverance, and must be ready to work outside of teams, sometimes in difficult weather conditions, in mud, etc.

II. "Man-Technology". If you like laboratory work in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, if you make models, understand household appliances, if you want to create, operate or repair machines, mechanisms, devices, machine tools, then check out the “human-technical” professions.

The subject of labor for representatives of most professions such as “technical people” are:

Technical objects (machines, mechanisms);

Materials, types of energy.

Specialists in this field have to perform the following activities:

Creation, installation, assembly of technical devices (specialists design, construct technical systems, devices, develop processes for their manufacture. Machines, mechanisms, instruments are assembled from individual units and parts, regulate and adjust them);

Operation of technical devices (specialists operate machines, operate vehicles, and operate automatic systems);

Repair of technical devices (specialists identify and recognize malfunctions of technical systems, devices, mechanisms, repair, regulate, and adjust them).

Psychological requirements of the “human-technical” professions:

Good coordination of movements;

Accurate visual, auditory, vibrational and kinesthetic perception;

Developed technical and creative thinking and imagination;

Ability to switch and concentrate attention;

Observation.

III. “Man as a sign system.” If you like to perform calculations, drawings, diagrams, keep card indexes, systematize various information, if you want to do programming, economics or statistics, etc., then get acquainted with professions like “man-sign system”. Most professions of this type are associated with information processing.

The subject of work for representatives of most professions of the “human sign system” type are:

Texts in native or foreign languages (editor, proofreader, typist, clerk, telegraph operator, typesetter);

Numbers, formulas, tables (programmer, machine operator, economist, accountant, statistician);

Drawings, diagrams, maps (designer, process engineer, draftsman, copyist, navigator, surveyor);

Sound signals (radio operator, stenographer, telephone operator, sound engineer).

Psychological requirements of professions “person-sign system”:

Good RAM and mechanical memory;

The ability to concentrate attention on abstract (symbolic) material for a long time;

Good distribution and switching of attention;

Accuracy of perception, the ability to see what is behind the symbols;

Perseverance, patience;

Logical thinking.

IV. "Man as an artistic image."

The subject of work for representatives of most professions of the “human sign system” type is:

Artistic image, methods of its construction.

Specialists in this field have to perform the following activities:

Creation, design of works of art (writer, artist, composer, fashion designer, architect, sculptor, journalist, choreographer);

Reproduction, production of various products according to a model (jeweler, restorer, engraver, musician, actor, cabinetmaker);

Reproduction of works of art in mass production (porcelain painter, stone and crystal polisher, painter, printer).

Psychological requirements of the professions “person-artistic image”:

Artistic ability; developed visual perception;

Observation, visual memory; visual-figurative thinking; creative imagination;

Knowledge of the psychological laws of emotional influence on people.

V. "Man-man."

The subject of labor for representatives of most professions of the “person-to-person” type is:

Specialists in this field have to perform the following activities:

Education, training of people (educator, teacher, sports coach);

Medical care (doctor, paramedic, nurse, nanny);

Household services (salesperson, hairdresser, waiter, watchman);

Information services (librarian, tour guide, lecturer);

Protection of society and the state (lawyer, police officer, inspector, military man).

Psychological requirements of human-to-human professions:

The desire to communicate, the ability to easily come into contact with strangers;

Sustained well-being when working with people;

Kindness, responsiveness;

Excerpt;

Ability to restrain emotions;

The ability to analyze the behavior of others and one’s own, to understand the intentions and mood of other people, the ability to understand the relationships between people, the ability to resolve disagreements between them, organize their interaction;

The ability to mentally put oneself in the place of another person, the ability to listen, to take into account the opinion of another person;

Ability to master speech, facial expressions, gestures;

Developed speech, the ability to find a common language with different people;

Ability to convince people;

Accuracy, punctuality, composure;

Knowledge of human psychology.

Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

"St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture"

in the subject "Psychology of higher education"

Psychology of choosing a profession according to E.A. Klimov

Saint Petersburg

Not a single choice in our life is made absolutely independently, independently of anyone. We live in a society, not in an isolated space. When making any decision, we consult with someone, remember the experience of our loved ones, acquaintances, their behavior in a similar situation, analyze our capabilities, the circumstances in our lives. Choosing a profession is no exception. It is also influenced by many factors. The main task of the chooser is to carefully analyze all these factors and make a competent, independent decision. The Russian academician E. A. Klimov, already mentioned by us, described the following eight factors for choosing a profession (“Klimov’s octagon”):

Presence of inclinations (interests). A person is more successful in activities that interest him. Therefore, when choosing a profession, you need to pay attention to what you like to do and what gives you pleasure. For example, if a person likes to organize other people and take leadership positions, most likely, professions that require the ability to work with a team (manager, teacher, coach) are suitable for him.

Availability of abilities. Just being interested in something is not enough; you also need it to succeed. And this requires certain abilities. So, to play the violin, it is not enough to love music, you also need musical abilities.

Claims (preferences). The choice is largely influenced by a person’s current attitudes and values, i.e. what is of paramount importance to him at a given period of life or is important as a main life goal. In one case, a person chooses a profession, in another, a place of work, in others, place of residence is decisive, in fourths, climate and weather conditions, etc. All these types of choices interact and enter into various, sometimes conflicting, relationships. The situation of any life choice involves the influence not only of our opinion, but also of various external factors.

Opinion of parents, family. Often, close people strive to take an active part in a high school student’s choice of profession. For example, in a family where several generations have devoted their lives to medicine, it is natural for parents to want to see their son or daughter in a white coat. The opinion of older people and their experience should not be neglected, but at the same time, this is not the only factor in the choice.

Peer opinion. For example, a young man has chosen a very important and “eternal” profession for himself - he has decided to become a tailor, but is embarrassed to talk about it in class: an “unfashionable” profession. It is quite possible that those around you do not know everything about this profession that the one who chooses knows. The opinion of classmates, friends, comrades is, of course, important, since it reflects the degree of popularity of certain professions in modern society. But professional choice is a free and personal choice. To discover and develop a calling, it is important to boldly and impartially “try on” a variety of professions.

Personal professional plan- This is the main map of the maze called “Professional Choice”. For its successful completion, there must be a main goal, i.e., what a person intends to do in the future, what he wants to be, who to be, who to be with, what he wants to achieve, what are his ideals of life and activity at the current moment of development. In order to achieve it, it is necessary to have an idea of the chain of immediate actions - the “life perspective” - the first area of professional activity, which can be thought of, however, as the only one; specialty, job, possible vocational educational institutions, desired job positions after graduation - as one sees in dreams, a “working day”; prospects for improving professional skills, “growth”, building a “career”. Studying reference literature, talking with knowledgeable people, self-education, enrolling in a certain professional educational institution or, for starters, in a special circle, etc. will allow you to form ideas about the ways and means of achieving your immediate life goals. No less important are ideas about the external conditions for achieving the intended goals, i.e. difficulties, possible obstacles, possible opposition from certain people. Having spare ones in case of insurmountable difficulties in implementing the main options will prevent unpleasant situations and relieve you from unnecessary worries. It is very important to remember that we live in a probabilistic world, and we must plan our lives taking into account the likelihood of unforeseen circumstances.

Knowledge about the profession. Before making a choice of the type of professions, you need to thoroughly become acquainted with many of them. Unfortunately, ignorance of modern professions most often becomes a stumbling block in the problem of professional self-determination. The best way to get an overview of professions is to study their special descriptions - professiograms. Professionograms introduce not only what a worker does, how, and with what tools and means he works, but also what personal qualities are required of him.

Society's needs tend to change constantly. Therefore, in order not to choose a profession that will later turn out to be inapplicable, it is necessary to regularly update your knowledge about the situation on the labor market and the demand for certain professions.

Any important undertaking begins with setting a goal. A well-set goal is half the success. Competently means taking into account your desires, preferences, and most importantly, real possibilities. It is important to establish stages (steps, stages) of achieving the goal, deadlines for each stage, determine those moments where you can only count on yourself, and those where you may need help and support from other people.

The algorithm for setting goals and planning to achieve them in professional self-determination is called a personal professional plan. It has three components, which are sometimes also called the three “pillars of choosing a profession.” They are called “I WANT”, “CAN” and “NEED”.

“I WANT” is our interests and inclinations, professional and career preferences. On the one hand, these are those professional areas, areas of production, specific professions, occupations that are interesting to us. On the other hand, these are our life and professional values, what we want to receive from our activities. For some of us, the main thing is that the results of our work be useful to others, for some it is important to earn money, for others it is the opportunity for constant career growth.

For the professional education of young people, information support for professional self-determination at its initial stages, E.A. Klimov proposes a simpler classification that takes into account only two series of characteristics: types of professions and the main levels of required education. The last circumstance is perhaps more significant in the situation of choosing a profession than knowledge about the intricacies of the cognitive activity of professionals, the relationship between knowledge and practice in their work, internal and external means of labor.

All professions can be classified into one type or another depending on the subject of labor (what the worker deals with), means of labor (whether he uses machines or hand tools), etc. Taking into account the proposed typology, each profession can be assigned a certain code or profile - that is, to what type and by what criteria it belongs. And then create for yourself an “ideal formula for the profession”, the preferred subject of labor, means. And thus understand which profession suits you and which does not.

Basic classification of professions
Any profession for EACH of the grounds (strings) can be classified into one of the types or several. The lines indicate the grounds for classification - and the corresponding types of professions.
Subject of labor	P nature	T equipment	H man	Z nak	X artistic image
Working conditions	B household	On ABOUT open air...	N unusual	With increased M oral responsibility
Means of labor	R academic	M tires	A automated	F functional
Labor goals	G nostic	P transformative	AND prospecting

1. Depending on subject of labor All professions are divided into five types.

In reality, this is a very rough division. It makes sense not just to classify a profession into one of the five types (this method is only suitable for some professions that clearly correspond to one of the five subjects of labor. For each profession, psychologists determine which subject of labor is closer, what they mainly have to deal with - such subjects that characterize There may be three professions. Such a differentiated assessment allows us to distinguish professions within one group: by which of the subjects of labor is called secondary for a given profession.

"H E L O V E K - P R I R O D A"

Professions: seed breeder, master livestock breeder, livestock specialist, agronomist, dog handler, laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analysis, etc.

Among the professions of the “man-nature” type, one can distinguish professions whose subject of work: plant organisms, animal organisms, microorganisms.

These are professions related to agriculture, food industry, medicine and scientific research (biology, geography). Oddly enough, a psychologist, tourism and hotel business manager should have a certain interest in nature (although, of course, not the main one) ...

This division does not mean, of course, that human labor is directed only at the objects mentioned above. Plant growers, for example, work in teams, use a variety of equipment, and deal with issues of economic evaluation of their work. But still, the main subject of attention and concern of plant growers is plants and their environment.

On the other hand, when choosing a profession of this type, it is very important to understand exactly how you relate to nature: as a place for relaxation or as a workshop in which you are going to devote all your energy to production.

And one more point that must be taken into account when choosing a profession. The peculiarity of biological objects of labor is that they are complex, changeable (according to their internal laws), and non-standard. Plants, animals, and microorganisms live, grow, develop, and also get sick and die. An employee needs not only to know a lot about living organisms, but to anticipate possible changes in them, which are sometimes irreversible. A person is required to have initiative and independence in solving specific work problems, caring, and foresight.

"H E L O B E K - T E H N I K A"

Here the main, leading subject of labor is technical objects (machines, mechanisms), materials, types of energy.

Professions: tunneler, carpenter, metallurgical technician, mechanical engineer, architect, electrical installer, radio mechanic, builder, computer assembler, telecommunications specialist, etc.

Of course, the work of workers here is aimed not only at technology, but still the leading subject of professional attention is the area of technical objects and their properties.

Among the professions of the “human-technical” type we can distinguish:

professions in the extraction and processing of soils and rocks;

professions in the processing and use of non-metallic industrial materials, products, semi-finished products.

professions in the production and processing of metal, mechanical assembly, installation of machines and instruments;

professions in repair, adjustment, maintenance of technological machines, installations, vehicles;

professions in installation and repair of buildings, structures, structures;

professions in the assembly and installation of electrical equipment, instruments, apparatus;

professions in repair, adjustment, maintenance of electrical equipment, instruments, apparatus;

professions related to the use of lifting vehicles and their management;

professions in processing agricultural products.

When processing, transforming, moving or assessing technical objects, the worker is required to have precision and certainty of actions. Since technical objects are almost always created by man himself, in the world of technology there are especially wide opportunities for innovation, invention, and technical creativity. Along with a creative approach to business in the field of technology, a person is required to have high performance discipline.

"H E L O V E K - H E L O V E K"

Here the main, leading subject of labor is people.

Professions: doctor, teacher, psychologist, hairdresser, tour guide, manager, artistic group leader, etc.

Among this type of professions we can distinguish:

professions related to training and education of people, organizing children's groups;

professions related to production management, management of people, teams;

professions related to household and commercial services;

professions related to information services;

professions related to information and artistic services to people and management of artistic groups;

professions related to medical care.

To successfully work in professions of this type, you need to learn to establish and maintain contacts with people, understand people, understand their characteristics, and also acquire knowledge in the relevant field of production, science, and art.

A short list of qualities that are very important in work:

a stable good mood while working with people,

need for communication

the ability to understand the intentions, thoughts, moods of people,

ability to quickly understand relationships between people,

the ability to find a common language with different people.

"HUMAN - SIGN SYSTEMS"

Here the main, leading subject of work is conventional signs, numbers, codes, natural or artificial languages.

Professions: translator, draftsman, engineer, topographer, secretary-typist, programmer, etc.

Professions of the "human - sign systems" type include:

professions related to document preparation, office work, text analysis or their transformation, recoding,

professions in which the subject of labor is numbers, quantitative relationships,

professions associated with processing information in the form of a system of conventional signs, schematic images of objects.

To successfully work in a profession, you need special abilities to mentally immerse yourself in the world of seemingly dry designations, to be distracted from the actual objective properties of the surrounding world and focus on the information that certain signs carry. When processing information in the form of conventional signs, the tasks of control, verification, accounting, processing of information, as well as the creation of new signs and sign systems arise.

"HUMAN - HUMAN IMAGE"

Here the main, leading subject of work is the artistic image, the methods of its construction.

Professions: artist, painter, musician, designer, stone carver, literary worker.

Person-art professions include:

professions related to visual arts,

professions related to musical activity,

professions related to literary and artistic activities,

professions related to acting and stage activities.

One of the features of professions of the “person-artistic image” type is that a significant proportion of labor costs remains hidden from an outside observer. Moreover, special efforts are often made to create the effect of lightness and ease of the final result of the work.

2. By working conditions There are four groups of professions

Work under normal conditions ( household) microclimate (accountant, engineer, programmer, assistant secretary).

Work with stay outdoors with sudden changes in temperature and humidity (builder, fireman, field farmer, agronomist).

Labor in unusual conditions: underground, under water, at altitude, in the air, in hot workshops, in workshops with inevitable production hazards (pilot, miner, diver, operator).

Work with increased moral responsibility for the health and lives of people, for great social and material values (teacher, doctor, safety engineer, auditor).

3. Depending on means of labor professions are divided into 4 departments

manual labor (carpenter, radio equipment installer, jeweler, musician, surgeon).

Professions related to the use cars with manual control (turner, driver, driver, telecom operator).

Professions related to the use semi-automatic machines, automatic machines, automatic lines, robotic systems(steelworker, printer, operator, power system manager).

Professions related to the use functional means, tools (teacher, actor, conductor, director, athlete).

4. Depending on labor goals three classes of professions can be distinguished

Gnostic: recognize, differentiate, evaluate, check (sanitary doctor, literary critic, inspector, commodity expert, expert, investigator).

Transformative: process, move, organize, transform (driver, painter, teacher, parquet worker, mechanic, tailor,).

Exploratory: invent, come up with, find a new option, design (cutter, marker, breeder, graphic designer)

Of course, your ideal formula can be compiled by psychologists using tests - you are asked questions, and as a result, your preferences for certain means of labor, an object - in your future professional activity - are revealed. Occupation formulas are compiled by labor psychologists based on professiograms (descriptions of professions - tasks that arise in work activity, requirements for professional suitability). There are even computer systems for comparing your ideal profession formula and the formulas of typical professionals. Similar services will be provided to you at career guidance and psychological support centers and computer psychological testing centers. But it’s always better to be able to analyze a profession yourself, putting it into detail: because then your choice of profession will be truly conscious - you will understand WHY you like this or that profession (for example, the profession of a stuntman - for unusual conditions, and a theoretical physicist - for exploration purposes).

List of used literature.

1).Bulanova-Toporkova, M.V. Pedagogy and psychology of higher education / M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2002.

2). Klimov E.A., A developing person in the world of professions, Obninsk, 1993.

3).Klimov E.A. Psychology of professional self-determination: Textbook. aid for students higher ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2004. - 304 p.

When a teenager graduates from school, he inevitably faces the question of what profession to choose and, accordingly, what department to enter the university. It’s easy to get confused by the variety of choices, because the number of specialties at the moment is several thousand, and each has its own characteristics.

The difficulty also lies in the fact that you need to choose not only what you like, but also what the student has a predisposition for, so that he can achieve success in his career and not regret his choice.

You can determine which profession suits you best using a career aptitude test.

Career guidance test E. Klimova

The best option for identifying the area of activity in which you will be able to achieve high results is a career guidance test by E. Klimov, an outstanding Russian psychologist. In one of his books, he discussed the topic of professional self-determination, in which he published this questionnaire. It is based on the idea that all people can be divided into 5 types, each of which determines their future profession:

Man-nature. They strive to improve the environment and easily come into contact with flora and fauna. They make good agronomists, chemists, gardeners, foresters, veterinarians, biologists, zoologists, oceanologists, botanists, oil workers, geologists, florists, cartographers.
Man-man. These are people who are happy to interact and are predisposed to communication, mutual assistance, and understanding of others. In this case, the ideal professions will be those that are directly related to communication, training, and education. Professions such as lawyer, policeman, doctor, manager, hairdresser, tour guide, investigator.
Man is an artistic image. People of this type are passionate about creativity and have a penchant for artistic, writing, musical and architectural activities. Such a person creates works of art and can work as a photographer, director, actor, writer, copywriter, sculptor, musician.
Man is a sign system. These people have a mathematical mindset and perform well in professions that require precision: accountant, economist, logistician, programmer, auditor, mathematician, customs officer, navigator.
Man-technology. People with this type have the ability for technical types of professions where it is necessary to manufacture parts of equipment and mechanisms, restore and repair equipment, invent, conduct technical tests and verification work.

Evgeniy Klimov – creator of the career guidance test

Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Klimov is a well-known specialist, psychologist and author of a questionnaire for career guidance.

Born on June 11, 1930 in the village of Vyatskie Polyany, Kirov Region. He successfully graduated from the department of Russian language, logic and psychology of the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University and achieved outstanding results in psychology.

Klimov's specialty is occupational psychology. To date, he has published more than 300 works and about 30 manuals and textbooks. Thanks to his activities, many highly qualified specialists in the field of psychology and pedagogy were trained.

Who needs to take a career guidance test?

This questionnaire is recommended, first of all, for high school students who need to decide on the choice of university and future profession. The test will help determine the specialty that best suits a particular person and will make choosing a profession easier.

In addition, you can take the Klimov test for career guidance:

Students who are interested in understanding the correctness of their choice;
Employees upon hiring to assess whether they can cope with a new position;
Any person who is thinking about changing their profession;
An employee of any company to better organize their work process.

How to take a career guidance test

The questionnaire consists of 40 questions, in each of which you need to choose one of two statements. You can easily and quickly go through it directly on our website completely free of charge.

While taking the test, carefully read each of the statements, and then mark the one that suits you best. Be honest with yourself so that the results are more reliable and help you understand what profession would be ideal for you.

Decoding answers

At the end of the test, you will be able to find out which type of profession is most suitable for you to achieve career heights and success. The test will evaluate your answers and you will be presented with a list of all 5 types, starting with the one that least suits you, and ending with the type of profession where you have pronounced abilities and can achieve high results.

Each type will contain a detailed description based on your inclinations and abilities and will tell you which professions suit you best and which areas of activity you should not work in.

Take the test now!

You can take the career guidance test on our website. You will not be required to pay or register. Taking a career guidance test online is much more convenient than manually filling out piles of paper forms and then using the keys to decipher the results. After passing this test, you will no longer wonder about your professional choice and will be able to fully realize yourself in a suitable field.

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