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Cotton is an annual plant with a tree-like form. It grows as a bush, the fruits are capsules containing seeds covered with long hairs. These fibers are called cotton or "white gold".

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Cotton fiber is a single plant cell that develops from the husk cell of the cotton plant after flowering. Cotton seeds are enclosed in a fruit boll, which, upon reaching full maturity, opens and the seeds along with the cotton come out, after which the cotton is immediately collected and processed.

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Cotton is the oldest spinning plant, native to India. It was grown in the Indus and Ganges valleys on the East coast of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Deccan Plateau on extensive plantations

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fabrics

Ivan Tames was the first to produce cotton fabrics in Russia in 172. The Russified Dutchman had a linen establishment in Moscow. By the end of the 18th century, cotton production spread to the Tver, Ivanovo, Vladimir and Moscow regions. The competing era of linen and cotton began, in which cotton fabrics took the leading position.

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Properties of cotton

Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, chemical resistance (it does not deteriorate for a long time under the influence of water and light), heat resistance (130-140 ° C), average hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products are very wrinkled. Cotton's abrasion resistance is low. Advantages: Softness Good absorption capacity in warm weather Easy to paint Disadvantages: Easily wrinkles Tends to shrink Turns yellow in light

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TYPES OF FABRICS

Cotton fabrics are divided into two main types: household and technical. Household fabrics are intended for sewing clothes, and you can also find decorative fabrics used for making curtains and upholstery. Cotton fabrics can be of different widths: 80, 90, 140 and 160 cm. Summer flannelette blankets, tablecloths, bedspreads and gauze are also made from cotton. Technical fabrics can be used for packaging and containers.

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Fleece is a dense soft fabric with thick pile. Used in the manufacture of lightweight blankets, pajamas, warm underwear and home clothing. Flannel is a soft fabric. Has double-sided brushing. Flannel is used to make pajamas, underwear, women's dressing gowns, children's clothing and diapers. . Bumazeya is a fabric that has one-sided brushing, usually on the wrong side. They sew children's clothing and women's dresses from paper.

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Corduroy is a fairly dense fabric. On the front surface there are longitudinal scars from the sewing of light coats, suits, skirts, trousers and men's shirts. Corduroy with a rib of more than 5 mm is called corduroy cord, and with a narrow rib it is called corduroy rib. Velvet is a soft fabric. There is a thick pile on the front side. It is used in sewing jackets, trousers, women's dresses, and is also used in interior decoration and the production of curtains.

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Waffle fabric is a fabric distinguished by its original weave, visually reminiscent of waffles. Has good absorbent properties. Therefore, it has found its application in the manufacture of towels. Calico is a dense unusual fabric. Its warp threads are much thinner than the weft threads. They sew workwear, men's and bed linen from calico. Satin has a shiny and smooth face. Used in sewing men's underwear, shirts, women's and children's dresses. Chintz, crinkled chintz - fabric with a printed variegated pattern of plain weave. Used in sewing shirts, light children's and women's dresses.

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LINEN

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Flax is a herbaceous annual plant from the flax family. This is one of the most important industrial crops. In our country, two forms of flax are grown: fiber flax, which contains flax fiber in its stems, and oil flax, whose seeds contain a lot of fatty oil. Flax farming is a branch of crop production concerned with the cultivation of flax. Fiber flax forms a straight, thin stem 60-160 cm high, branching at the top.

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Fiber flax is a very ancient culture... In the X-XIII centuries. Fiber flax became the main spinning plant in Rus'. Trade in flax fiber and linen fabrics developed, with its centers in the 13th-16th centuries. became Pskov and Novgorod. Later, fiber flax began to be grown throughout almost the entire territory of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. Flax is the most ancient cultivated plant after wheat.

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Flax cleaning

Since time immemorial, the center of flax production has been the outskirts of the city of Yaroslavl, especially the village of Velikoye, as well as the Pskov and Vladimir provinces, where flax was sown and processed in large quantities

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Flax was removed only in dry weather and knitted into sheaves

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Flax ratchet.

In order to separate the remains of the bone from the fiber and achieve proper separation of the fibers, the flax was ruffled immediately after creasing.

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Combed flax

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Folk spinning

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Folk weaving

In the old days, Russian silk was the name given to thin linen fabrics that could only be woven in Russia.

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Modern weaving

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Application of flax fiber

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Internet resources

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/6915/COTTON http://www.valleyflora.ru/hlopok.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/60538/ Len http://www.valleyflora.ru/len.html pictures http://conceptiobiznes.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/hlopok.jpg http://world.fedpress.ru/sites/fedpress/ files/vladimir_vladimirovich/news/hlopok.jpeg http://royalfabrics.ru/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/velvet1.jpg http://blog.textiletorg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 06/velvet.jpg http://www.conkorde.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hlopok.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D1%82%D0 %BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%84%D0%BE %D1%82%D0%BE&pos=37&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timira.ru%2Fgallery%2Ftkani.jpg http://cdn.gollos.com/files/6785/Nameless.jpg http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=45&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fslavlen.com%2Fd%2F45545%2Fd%2F003..jpeg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=25&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010 %2F08%2Fw690-300x225.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=3&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=108&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.prom .ua%2F2229010_w100_h100_lno_volokno.jpg

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Natural fibers of animal origin.

MBOU "Ziminsk secondary school - kindergarten" Razdolnensky district Republic of Crimea technology teacher of the highest qualification category: Shcherba Irina Vasilievna

Epigraph of our lesson

• “Tell me and I’ll forget. Show me and I will remember. Let me try and I’ll understand.”

Chinese proverb

• Materials science studies the properties of textile fibers.
• All textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical.

• Natural fibers of animal origin

• Wool fibers are the hair of various animals: sheep, camels, goats, llamas, etc., but sheep wool is most widely used (95%). Fine wool from merino and angora goats is considered the best. Wool taken from a sheep is called rune . Camel wool is warm and is an excellent insulator that maintains a constant body temperature. Alpaca (llama) wool has all the properties of camel wool. “Kviviut” – musk ox wool is 7-8 times softer and warmer than cashmere.

• Until now, no one knows exactly why the ancient fleece was called golden. Perhaps the wool of the ancient Colchis sheep really had a golden hue, and perhaps the inhabitants of ancient Colchis mined gold using sheep skins: they spread the skin on the bottom of a stream, and the wool retained the golden grains of sand brought by the water. Of course, it was not yet known that the fleece itself contained gold...
• And recently, the British Nuclear Research Center decided to determine the chemical composition of sheep wool. Particularly sensitive instruments detected gold in the fibers. It was found in the protein structure of hair and other animals. Moreover, the gold content of different animals is approximately the same. Unfortunately, none of the scientists has yet been able to answer the question: where does the gold in wool come from and what is it for?

Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin.

Ancient woolen fabrics were discovered during excavations of burial mounds. Having lain for several thousand years underground, some of them were superior in thread strength to modern ones. The bulk of wool is obtained from sheep; merino sheep produce fine wool. Sheep are sheared once or in some cases twice a year. from one sheep they get from 2 to 10 kg. wool From 100 kg. 40–60 kg of raw wool is obtained. clean. Camel wool is used to make outerwear and blankets. In addition to sheep, wool from rabbits, llamas, and bison was used in America; in Asia, camels and goats were used. Before being sent to textile factories, wool is subjected to primary processing: sorted, i.e. fibers are selected according to quality; crush - loosen and remove clogging impurities; wash with hot water, soap and soda; dried in tumble dryers. Then the yarn is made, and from it in textile factories it is made into fabric. In the finishing industry, fabrics are dyed in various colors and various designs are applied to the fabrics. Dress, suit, and coat fabrics are made from wool fibers.

The Legend of Silk

• Legend has it that the Chinese Empress Hen-Ling-Chi (2600 BC) was the first to discover this remarkable fiber. She accidentally dropped the cocoon into hot water and saw that silk threads had separated from the softened cocoon. The Empress came up with the idea that the thread with which the caterpillar wraps itself could be unwound and weaved into cloth. She was amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread, collecting thousands of cocoons and weaving fabric from them. The fabric turned out to be wonderfully thin, light, and beautiful. Clothes were sewn for the emperor. So the silkworm butterfly gave silk to the whole world, and the empress was elevated to the rank of deity for her valuable gift. Silk was worth its weight in gold; A bundle of silk fabric was given a double weight of gold. Thus was born the ancient culture of sericulture, based on the vital activity of the silkworm, feeding on the leaves of the white mulberry (mulberry).

The production of silk fabrics has been known since the third millennium BC. in China - the Great Chinese Silk Road.

• The raw material for the production of natural silk fabrics is silk fiber - a product of the secretion of the glands of mulberry and oak silkworm caterpillars. The cocoon thread has a length from 500 to 1500 m and a thickness of 10-12 microns. By unwinding several cocoons, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is produced, used for the manufacture of fabrics and silk threads.
• In 121 BC. The first camel caravan was sent with silk and bronze mirrors. The Silk Road is a system of caravan routes that for more than a thousand years connected the cultural centers of the vast continental space between China and the Mediterranean. From the 2nd century AD silk became the main product that Chinese merchants carried to distant countries. Lightweight, compact and therefore especially convenient for transportation, it attracted the attention of buyers along the entire route of caravans, despite its high cost. Silk fabrics gave an unusual feeling of softness, sophistication, beauty and exoticism. They wanted to possess and admire it. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra loved luxurious robes made of this material.

Properties of wool fiber

• Wool fibers are characterized by good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity and breathability, and have high dust holding capacity and shrinkage. Wool fibers are resistant to all organic solvents used in dry cleaning of clothing.

• The strength of wool fibers depends on thickness and length (from 20 to 450 mm).
• The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black.
• The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales.
• Wool fiber has good elasticity. Wool products do not wrinkle.
• Wool's resistance to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers.
• When burning, the wool fibers are sintered; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their burning stops, and a sintered black ball forms at the end of the woolen thread. At the same time, the smell of burnt feathers is felt.

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The structure of wool fiber

• 1 – scaly layer;
• 2 – cortical layer;
• 3 – core.

• 1 - fluff;
• 2 – transitional hair;
• 3 – spine;
• 4 – dead hair.

Properties of silk fiber

• The thickness of the cocoon thread is uneven throughout its entire length.
• The strength of silk is higher than the strength of wool.
• The color of boiled cocoon threads is white and slightly creamy. At temperatures above 110 C, fibers lose strength.
• Natural silk has good hygroscopicity.
• Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking silk products, however, have low wear resistance and high cost.
• It feels cool to the touch.
• When exposed to direct sunlight, silk breaks down faster than other natural fibers.
• During burning, the silk fibers are sintered; when removed from the flame, their burning stops. A black caked ball forms at the end, easily rubbed, and the smell of a burnt feather is felt.

• a – cocoon thread;
• b – boiled silk

Wool

Silk

• Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felting products, etc.

Card No. 1. Properties of wool fibers and fabrics made from them.

Length

2 – 45 cm.

Various, the thicker the fiber, the stronger

White, grey, red, black

Properties

Flaws

Good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity, breathability. When exposed to heat and moisture, wool fiber acquires the ability to elongate up to 60% or shrink

Dust holding capacity, shrinkage

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubbed with fingers, the smell of a burnt feather remains

They produce dress, suit and coat fabrics: drape, gabardine, cashmere

Product care

Wash by hand at t30C, with detergents, dry flat, iron at t150-160C using an iron

Card No. 2. Properties of silk fibers and fabrics made from them

Length

500 – 1500m

Thickness - very thin, like a spider's web, but very strong.

White, creamy.

Properties

Flaws

It has high hygroscopicity and breathability. They are elastic, so the fabrics do not wrinkle easily, are smooth, soft, beautiful, have shine, and drape well.

They stretch, crumble, and have significant shrinkage.

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubs it with your fingers, and the smell of a burnt feather remains.

Product care

Wash by hand at t30 - 40C, rinse with water and vinegar. Squeeze lightly. Iron at t150 – 160C on the wrong side.

Comparison of wool and natural silk fibers

Wool

Fiber appearance

Natural silk

Rough matte

Type of thread break

Crimped fiber brush

Smooth, shiny

Character of filament burning

Straight fibers

Black ball, burnt feather smell

• Which animals provide the largest amount of total wool processed in textile factories?
• Sheep provide the bulk of the wool.
• How does the strength of a fabric depend on the thickness of the fiber?
• The thicker the fibers, the stronger the fabric.
• What colors do natural wool fibers come in?
• White, grey, pink and black colors.
• What is the felting property of wool fibers?
• Under the influence of moisture and friction, wool fibers fall off.
• What properties do wool fibers have?
• High hygroscopicity, heat-shielding properties, elasticity.
• What textile materials are made from wool?
• Dresses, costumes, coats, felt, felt.

• What is the purpose of primary processing of silk?
• Treatment of cocoons with hot steam to soften silk glue; unwinding threads from several cocoons at the same time.
• Describe the properties of natural silk?
• They have high hygroscopicity and breathability. They are elastic, so the fabrics do not wrinkle easily, are smooth, soft, beautiful, have shine, and drape well.
• What fabrics are made from natural silk?
• They produce dress and blouse fabrics such as crepe de Chine and chiffon.

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Wool The main producers of wool are sheep. Domestic sheep have faithfully served man since ancient times. It was one of the main sources of tasty meat and high-quality wool. Sheep come in coarse-wool and fine-wool breeds. Since ancient times, the leadership in breeding coarse-wool sheep belongs to Great Britain, and fine-wool merino sheep to Spain.

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Prehistoric facts. Neolithic 8-3 thousand years BC. The first wool yarn, braided and woven products from it date back to the end of the Stone Age - at a time when giant mammoths and rock bears lived. These items were found by archaeologists in the ruins of an ancient settlement on the shores of a Swiss lake. 4200 BC The fact of sheep breeding is noted in the Euphrates River valley in Mesopotamia.

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In the burial mounds on the Oka River, a piece of woolen fabric was found, which ended up in the ground no later than 1000 BC. Our ancestors sheared sheep with spring shears, which were not particularly different from modern ones designed for the same purpose. They were forged from one strip of metal, the handle was bent in an arc. Slavic blacksmiths knew how to make self-sharpening blades that did not become dull during work.

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For the manufacture of outerwear in Rus', homespun cloth made from sheep's wool was widely used. From the report of the chronicle under 1425 it is clear that products made from such cloth - sarmyags - were the most common clothing of the general population (“everyone in sarmyags”). Thin cloths, called skurlat, or scorlats, came from abroad and were very expensive. In 1712, the tsar issued a decree that ordered “to expand a cloth factory in more than one place, so that in five years you will not have to buy an overseas uniform.” New cloth establishments were opened in 1718 and 1720, and Peter I’s decree of 1720 advised the “campaign” of merchants to pay attention to the finishing of cloth; to the fact that Russian people have already learned to spin and weave, but “dying, and polishing, and ironing, and squeezing cloth, shearing, and napping are not yet common.” The decree, an excerpt from which is given here, was the first printed decree on the development of the production of woolen fabrics in Russia. The manufactory of 1720 was called the “Big Cloth Yard”; in 1729 it had 130 weaving mills and employed 730 people.

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Felting is an ancient textile art, which in our time is experiencing a rebirth, in many ways transforming from a vital craft into a vibrant form of artistic expression. The history of felting goes back centuries. The first felts were found on the territory of modern Anatolia, they date back to 3 thousand BC. The only material from which felt can be made is wool, and sheep’s wool is best

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Kashmir is the finest fluff of high-mountain goats, mainly distributed in Tibet and the adjacent regions of China and Mongolia. “Wool diamond”, “soft gold of Asia”, “royal yarn”, “precious thread”... Oh, Kashmir! Refined and chic, timeless and trendy, sophisticated and fairly expensive!

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Angora goats are an ancient breed of woolly goats. Since ancient times, Angora goats have been bred for their wonderful wool, which is called “mohair” (from the Arabic word “chosen”). Mohair obtained from two-year-old goats (fineness 27-30 microns) is used to knit jumpers , cardigans, stoles, coats and accessories: hats, scarves, mittens, socks. Coarser mohair and its mixtures are used to make carpets, rugs, blankets, drapery materials, plush toys, wigs, slippers and other soft shoes.

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Angora - the fluff of Angora rabbits and no one else! Don't trust labels that say "angora" if you have a prickly coat with hairs sticking out in all directions! This is another attempt to confuse the terms and pass off the coarse hair of Angora goats as angora. It’s hard not to recognize a real angora – soft, fluffy, tender!

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The camelid family is very ancient. Since ancient times in the East, camel hair was considered sacred, its presence in the house brought happiness and good luck, under pain of death it was forbidden to even step on it. Camel wool is obtained only from non-working animals

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Alpaca (lama pacos) is a species of llama that was domesticated about 6,000 years ago and has been bred for its wool ever since. The alpaca is smaller in size than the domestic llama. Its height is no more than 1 m, weight is about 70 kg. The colors are very diverse: white, cream, all shades of brown, gray, black, etc. Archaeologists discovered in one of the ritual burials of the Incas the mummified remains of an alpaca, the fineness of which exceeded all species known today. Lama (lama glama) is a large, strong animal with a long neck, large sad eyes with long eyelashes and protruding ears. The llama's coat consists of two layers: a rough outer layer and a softer inner one. It is used to make rough rugs, blankets, ropes and carpets.

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Natural silk is one of the amazing wonders of nature. According to ancient Chinese legend, one day in 2640 BC, Princess Shi Linzi was sitting under a mulberry tree when suddenly a silkworm cocoon fell into her cup of tea. And when she tried to pull it out, she noticed that it was beginning to unwind in the hot liquid. The princess gave one end of the thread to her maid and told her to move away. The maid walked out of the princess's chambers into the courtyard, then passed the palace gates, and only when she was half a mile away from the Forbidden City did the thread end.

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Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by the caterpillar of an inconspicuous-looking butterfly - the silkworm (Bombix mori). The caterpillar looks very impressive: its body length is about 8 cm, its thickness is about 1 cm, and its weight is 3–5 g. When releasing the thread, the caterpillar quickly turns its head. Each turn requires 4 cm of silk thread, and the entire cocoon takes from 800 m to 1 km, and sometimes more! The caterpillar must shake its head as many as twenty-four thousand times to make a cocoon. It takes about 4 days to make a cocoon. Having finished its work, the exhausted caterpillar falls asleep in its silk cradle and turns into a chrysalis. The silkworm butterfly is not particularly beautiful. The color of its plump, furry body is either white with a light cream pattern, or dark grayish-brown.

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Silk production. Cocoons are collected and sent to factories. A small part of the cocoons are left alive - later butterflies are born from them and lay eggs. Most cocoons are killed by hot steam or exposure to an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field. In a few seconds, the pupae inside the cocoon heat up to 80-90ºC. This must be done before the birth of the butterfly, which, hatching from the cocoon, gnaws through it, damaging the thread. To soften the cocoon, it is thrown into hot water, then washed and unwound using special machines.

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Wild silk It turns out that not only the inconspicuous Bombyx mori moths, but also the luxurious peacock-eyes (Antheraea) from the Saturnadea family can spin silk. The color palette of cocoons is moderately varied and consists of cream, beige, brown and golden shades. These beauties are less skilled spinners - the silk from which they build a cocoon is rough to the touch and not as shiny as usual. It is difficult to dye and often requires spinning rather than unwinding, since it does not consist of a long thread, but of shorter, torn silks.

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History of silk production in RussiaRussia did not have its own sericulture for a very long time, so silk fabrics were not produced at home. Naturally, attempts to establish our own production of brocade and velvet began a long time ago, back in the 16th century. Byzantine and Italian craftsmen took part in establishing the first production facilities. In 1740, there were 26 silk weaving and one cane manufactories in Moscow. Silk establishments that opened in Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl usually did not exist for long and collapsed. At this time, the first silk weaving establishments appeared in Astrakhan, and later in Moscow, which became another center of the silk industry. In the pre-reform period, the role of the second center of silk weaving passed to St. Petersburg, since all Astrakhan factories were closed. Russian silk fabrics amazed visitors to the 1851 World's Fair in London, with brocades and furniture fabrics making the greatest impression. At the Russian Industrial Exhibition of 1853, the products of 20 silk weaving factories were presented.

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Advantages of silk. Shine. Natural silk has a unique shine that does not disappear over the years. Lightness. Silk is so light that 1 kg of finished fabric contains from 300 to 900 kilometers of thread. Durability and elasticity. Silk fiber, being very thin, has exceptional strength. Low thermal conductivity and good breathability. Silk clothing is pleasant to wear at any time of the year, as it warms in cold weather, and creates a feeling of coolness in hot weather. Good drape. This property allows silk to be used not only to create clothing of almost any shape, but also for curtains, bed linen and other home furnishings.

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Slide captions:

Materials Science Cotton and Linen Fabrics

Cotton plant and cotton fibers

Flax and flax fibers

Process of production of cotton fabrics Sorting Carding shop Tape shop Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Roving shop

Process of production of linen fabrics Washing of straw Drying Creasing Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Fracking

(1704-1764) English inventor, clothier by profession. The shuttle (aircraft) he invented can be considered the first impetus for rapid transformations in textile technology. This invention doubled the weaver's productivity. By the middle of the 18th century, Kay's shuttle-plane quickly spread, first in England and then in other countries.

Weaving professions Spinner Roving worker Twister Winder Weaver

Cotton mill Krasnodar

The weft thread is thick, fluffy, uneven in thickness, weakly twisted, loose, soft, less strong than the warp thread. Warp thread is thin, smooth, uniform in thickness, strongly twisted, dense, rigid, strong. Distinctive features

Completed by: category I technology teacher, MAOU-secondary school No. 10, Almetyevsk RT. Vafina Svetlana Viktorovna Thank you for your attention!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

“The fabric production process. Natural fibers of plant origin"

Methodological development of a lesson on the topic “The fabric production process. Natural fibers of plant origin...

Lesson objectives: Educational: to familiarize students with natural fibers of plant origin, what they are obtained from, where they are grown, how they are processed, what properties they have, which of them...