Presentation on biology "Type of Sponge", biology, grade 7. Presentation of a lesson on the topic "Type of Sponge" (7th grade) presentation for a biology lesson (7th grade) on the topic

Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the main features of the organization of representatives of the Sponge type.

• Educational: consider representatives of the Sponge type, note the primitive features of their structure and life activity; show their role in nature and human life.
• Educational:
create conditions for awareness and comprehension of a block of new educational information, application of knowledge and skills in educational situations.
• Educational:
to form among schoolchildren a cognitive interest in the process of studying various types of animals; to promote a caring attitude towards nature and friendly interpersonal relationships.

Type of lesson: using multimedia.

Lesson methods: explanatory and illustrative.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, tables, illustrations of sponges, presentation.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time.
2. Setting goals and objectives.
3. Learning new material.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
5. Homework.

Lesson Plan

1. Organizational moment.

• Greetings
• Preparing the class for work
• Availability of students

2. Setting goals and objectives.

From shallow coastal waters to the murky depths of the sea, one can find strange creatures of nature - sponges. Their appearance and structure are so unusual that for a long time scientists could not decide whether they were plants or animals. The Latin name for sponges translates to “porous animals.”

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the wonderful world of sponges, learn the features of their external and internal structure, consider their diversity and role in nature and human life ( Presentation. Slide 2).

3. Studying new material.

The body shape of sponges is extremely diverse. They often take the form of crusty, cushion-shaped, or lumpy growths and growths on stones, mollusk shells or some other substrate. Often among them there are also more or less regular spherical, goblet-shaped, funnel-shaped, cylindrical, stalked, bushy and other forms. The sponges do not move and do not react to the strongest stimuli. Still, sponges are a special type of the animal kingdom ( Slide 3).

The shape of the sponge resembles a two-layer bag or glass ( Slide 4), the outer layer of which (ectoderm) consists of flat surface cells, and the inner layer (endoderm) contains cells with flagella that independently catch particles of food and water drawn in through the pores. Thus, it is obvious that sponges do not have a single digestive system, as well as other organs and tissues.

Sponges are protected passively - due to spiny skeletal crystals ( Slide 5).

Life processes:

1. Breathing. (Slide 6). Like most animals that live in the aquatic environment, sponges use oxygen dissolved in water for respiration. The flow of water, penetrating into all cavities and channels of the sponge, supplies nearby cells and mesoglea with oxygen and carries away the carbon dioxide they secrete. Thus, gas exchange with the external environment is carried out in sponges directly by each cell or through the mesoglea.

2. Nutrition. Sponges feed mainly on the remains of dead animals and plants suspended in water, as well as small single-celled organisms.

3. Selection. Undigested food remains are released into the mesoglea and gradually accumulate near the outlet canals, and then enter the lumens of the canals and are discharged out.

Consequently, the main vital functions of sponges are carried out in an extremely primitive way. In the absence of special organs, the processes of respiration, nutrition and excretion occur intracellularly, due to the activity of individual cells.

4. Reproduction. ( Slide 7). Sponges reproduce asexually (budding) and sexually.

5. Regeneration. ( Slide 8). The ability to regenerate is well expressed - they easily restore the integrity of the body after significant damage.

The Sponge type is divided into three classes. ( Slide 9)

Sponge type.

1. Class Calcareous sponges.
2. class Ordinary sponges.
3. class Glass sponges.

Class Calcareous sponges. ( Slide 10)

Exclusively sea sponges, usually living at shallow depths. They are rather delicate organisms, solitary or colonial, rarely exceeding 7 cm in height. Their body often has a tubular, barrel-shaped or cylindrical shape. Sometimes a stalk is formed, with the help of which the sponge is attached to the substrate.

Class Ordinary sponges. ( Slide 11)

More than 95% of all sponge species belong to this class. The skeleton is silicon. They live in both sea and fresh water.

Class Glass sponges. ( Slide 12)

Glass sponges are peculiar marine, mainly deep-sea, sponges reaching 50 cm in height or more. Their body is most often goblet-shaped, bag-shaped or tubular, soft and easily torn like fragile felt, or with more significant development of the skeleton - quite hard and brittle. The color is grey, brown, white or yellowish. Usually solitary, less often colonial organisms.

Meaning of Sponges. ( Slide 13)

• food for aquatic animals;
• I make jewelry;
• used for medical purposes;
• used for technical purposes;
• toilet sponge is a hygienic material.

Conclusions to the lesson. ( slide 14)

• Sponges are multicellular aquatic animals.
• They lead an attached lifestyle.
• They are biofilters.
• There is a skeleton consisting of calcareous or silicon needles.
• Tissues and organs are missing.
• They reproduce asexually and sexually.
• Capable of regeneration.
• There are 8000 species.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Sponge Type Test. ( Slide 15)

Decide which statement is true. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.

1. Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
2. All sponges have tissues and organs.
3. Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
4. Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
5. The entire body of the sponge is riddled with pores.
6. Water enters and leaves the sponge body through the pores.
7. The body of sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
8. The flagellar cells in the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
9. Sponges are biofilters.
10. Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

5. Homework. ( Slide 16)

Read the textbook text on pp. 99–100 (part 1). Answer the questions in the “Test Your Knowledge” section.

Bibliography.

1. Biology. 7th grade: lesson plans based on the textbook V. B. Zakharova, N. I. Sonina/aut.-state M. V. Vysotskaya.– Volgograd: Teacher, 2006
2. Biology. Diversity of living organisms. 7th grade. At 2 p.m. Part 1: tutorial. for educational institutions / V.B. Zakharov, N.I. Sonin.– M.: Bustard, 2008. – 141 p.
3. Thematic and lesson planning in biology: 7th grade: to the textbook V.B. Zakharova, N.I. Sonina"Biology. Diversity of living organisms. 7th grade" / N.Yu. Zakharova.– M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2008. – 254 p.
4. Sharova I. Kh. Zoology of invertebrates: book. For the teacher. – M.: Enlightenment. 1994.
5. Encyclopedia for children. Biology. T2. M.: Avanta+, 2001.

General characteristics Sponges (Porifera or Spongia) are a phylum of invertebrate animals, including four classes: common sponges (Demospongiae), calcareous sponges (Calcarea), six-rayed (or glass) sponges (Hexactinellida) and Sclerospongiae. Sponges are among the most primitive multicellular organisms; they do not have clearly differentiated tissues or separate organs. They have skeletal formations in the form of calcareous, silica needles or spongin protein fibers.

The structure of sponges A sponge can be schematically represented as two layers of epithelial and digestive cells, and between the layers a solid skeleton of calcareous or silica needles is formed. The tissue organization of sponges is very poorly developed; There are special cells that provide water circulation and nutrition - choanocytes. choanocytes If a sponge is crushed, its cells can again form a full-fledged animal.

The body of sponges consists of many cells that perform various functions. However, unlike other multicellular animals, sponges do not differentiate into tissues. 1 paragastric cavity, 2 orifice, 3 choanaocytes (endoderm collar cells), 4 ectoderm, 5 mineral skeleton spines, 6 canal.

Glass sponges Six-rayed sponges (glass sponges, Hexactinellida, Hyalospongia) class of sponges. Mostly solitary, typically oceanic organisms, usually living at depths of more than 100 m (down to the ultra-abyssal). The body is saccular, tubular, goblet-shaped or barrel-shaped, up to 2 m in height. The skeleton consists of six-armed silicon needles (hence the name); the rays lie in three mutually perpendicular planes; some of the needles have one or more rays reduced. Channels penetrating the walls of the body (canal system) are of a simplified leukonoid type. About 500 species; in the seas of Russia there are 34 species, of which 6 are in the northern seas and 28 in the Far Eastern seas. sponges

The vital activity of sponges The vital activity of sponges is associated with the continuous filtering of the surrounding water, which, thanks to the coordinated beating of the flagella of many choanocytes, enters the pores and, having passed through the canal system and the atrial cavity, exits through the mouth. Small food particles (detritus, protozoa, diatoms, bacteria, etc.) enter the sponge with water and metabolic products are removed. Food is captured by the cells of the walls of the adductor canals or choanocytes.

Reproduction Most G. are hermaphrodites. Germ cells develop in the mesoglea. The vipers leave G.'s body, penetrate other individuals with mature eggs and fertilize them. A ciliated larva develops from the egg, which comes out and floats in the water for some time, then sits on the bottom and turns into a young G.: during metamorphosis, a so-called process characteristic only of G. is observed. perversion of the germ leaves, in which the cells of the outer layer migrate inward, and the cells of the inner layer end up on the surface. hermaphrodites metamorphosis Various forms of asexual reproduction are widespread in G.: budding, formation of gemmules, etc. The buds growing on G.’s body are usually not separated from the mother’s body, which leads to the formation of colonies of various shapes: in the form of trees or bushes, spread out on the substrate of crusts, massive and lobed mounds, etc. Single sponges have a height from several millimeters to 3 centimeters, colonies up to 1.5 m. They are widespread: from the coastal zone to a depth of 8500 m.

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Slide captions:

Sponge Type

Habitat, way of life 1. Fresh or marine waters 2. Attached; single and colonial p.22-23

Structure. Body shape. Double-layered *ectoderm (outer layer) - flat epithelial cells *endoderm (inner layer) - flagellar cells

Nutrition Filters Small plankton, dead parts of plants and animals Water is sucked in through the pores → flagella retain food, pseudopods capture → water is excreted through the mouth?1. What are the benefits of filtration? 2. Why do sponges eat this way?

Breathing with the surface of the body

Release by all cells through contractile vacuoles

Variety of badyaga sponges

basket of Venus

sponge vase

With the flow of water, nutrients are brought to the sponges and metabolic products are removed. Therefore, sponges develop best in places with intense changes in surrounding water. What adaptations should sponges have developed that live in seas with strong currents?

Lisitsyna Olga Anatolyevna,

teacher of the highest qualification category, MKOU "Belogorsk Secondary School No. 3" of the Republic of Crimea of ​​the Russian Federation

Scientific classification

Domain: Eukaryotes

Animal Kingdom

Classes of Sponges

Limestone

Ordinary

Homoscleromorpha

Six-beam

• - a type of aquatic (mainly marine) multicellular animals. Sponges are characterized by a modular structure, often associated with the formation of colonies, as well as the absence of true tissues and germ layers

• Deprived:
• muscular,
• nervous,
• digestive systems

Lime sponges

• About 500 species have been described, about 20 in the CIS seas. Calcareous sponges have been known since the Early Cambrian, with a welded skeleton - from the Permian; the greatest flourishing occurred in the Cretaceous period

Ordinary sponges

• include most representatives of the type - about 6000 species,
• most species live in the sea,
• representatives of seven families switched to life in fresh water bodies,
• the most famous freshwater sponges are badyagi,
• in the fossil record, common sponges have been known since the Cambrian; reached its greatest prosperity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Homoscleromorpha

• There are about 100 species, divided into seven genera and two families,
• viviparity is typical: the fertilized egg develops in the mesochyl of the mother's body to the stage of a free-swimming larva - zinctoblastula

• Mostly solitary, typically oceanic organisms, usually living at depths of more than 100 m
• The body is saccular, tubular, goblet-shaped or barrel-shaped, up to 2 m in height.
• The skeleton consists of six-armed silicon needles (hence the name);

• the rays lie in three mutually perpendicular planes,
• Some of the spines have one or more rays reduced.
• Channels penetrating the walls of the body (canal system) are of a simplified leukonoid type.
• About 500 species; in the seas of the CIS there are 34 species, of which 6 are in the northern seas and 28 in the Far Eastern

• The skeleton of the Venus basket is one of the most beautiful among all glass sponges. It has the appearance of a delicate openwork cylinder with a thin and intricate structure. The first copy of this sponge brought to Europe, according to some sources, was purchased for 600 marks, a huge amount at that time. And to this day, the basket of Venus is considered a very valuable decoration.

• In a number of calcareous sponges, there was an increase in the size of the flagellar chambers and a reduction in the system of afferent and efferent canals. Such sponges consist of a tube or branched system of tubes, lined with choanocytes on the inside; in this case, the pores (ostia) open directly into the flagellar chambers. The aquifer system is characteristic of only two genera - Leucosolenia and Clathrina.

• The formation of the sicon is caused by the growth of the mesochyl and the invagination of sections of the paragastric cavity into it, forming radial tubes. Choanocytes line only the flagellar tubes and disappear from other parts of the atrial cavity. The walls of the sponge's body thicken, and afferent canals are formed between the surface of the body and the flagellar tubes. The syconal type structure is characteristic of only a few species (for example, Scypha and Grantia).

• The most complex type of structure. These are colonial sponges with numerous osculums. The thick mesogly layer contains many skeletal elements. The body wall is penetrated by a network of channels connecting numerous flagellar chambers

• 1. Deep-sea forms of sponges up to 50 cm high. Skeletal spines contain silicon. Body color is white, gray, yellow or brown.
• 2. Natural, correct arrangement of body parts relative to the center in multicellular animals.
• 3. Sponges with a calcareous skeleton, living in the shallow waters of seas and oceans. The color is yellow-gray.
• 4. The way of life of the animal when it is fixedly attached to the substrate (rock bottom or large object).

• 5. A sponge used by humans in medicine to treat rheumatism, bruises, and bruises.
• 6. Sponges with a silicon skeleton. The coloring is varied. They can reach sizes up to 1 meter.
• 7. A single-celled algae found in the cytoplasm of sponges that provides it with oxygen.
• 8. Cells that perform an individual function.
• 9. Skeletal formations present in the gelatinous substance of the body of sponges.

Questions for the crossword puzzle “Type of Sponge”

• Horizontally :
• 2. What type of sponge is used for hygiene purposes?
• 8. Sponges with a silicon skeleton. varied coloring. can reach sizes up to 1 meter
• 10. What forms the outer layer of the body?
• 13. What can sponges do quickly?
• 14. How do sponges most often reproduce?
• 17. Absent in sponges. . . system

• Vertically :
• 1. Relative constancy of chemicals. composition is this?
• 3. What cells does the sponge use to feed itself?
• 4. Single-celled algae found in the cytoplasm of sponges, providing it with oxygen
• 5. Some types of sponges can move behind which cells?
• 6. Sponges with a calcareous skeleton, living in the shallow waters of seas and oceans. color yellow-gray
• 7. What is another name for sponges?
• 9. Some types of sponges. . . forms
• 11. The way of life of an animal when it is attached motionless to the substrate (rock bottom or large object)
• 12. What type of sponges are they?
• 15. What is at the top end of the sponge?
• 16. A sponge used by humans in medicine to treat rheumatism, bruises, bruises