Presentation on biology on the topic "endocrine glands". Physiology of endocrine glands (G.E.S.) and their hormones

Hormones (from the Greek chorus - excite, set in motion) biologically active substances secreted by the endocrine glands and affecting the functions of tissues and organs. All hormones are organic substances (formed from protein, amino acids, fat-like substances) They are formed in the glands and are distributed throughout the body through the blood.

Functions of the pituitary gland: 1) the anterior lobe is a growth hormone, regulates growth 2) other hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulate the maturation of the gonads, milk production in the mammary glands; influence the growth of the adrenal cortex and the development of the thyroid gland; 3) hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland reduce the excretion of urine from the body, change metabolism, increase the contraction of small arteries, and contribute to an increase in blood pressure.

Diseases of the thyroid gland Myxedema (with deficiency) Signs of the disease: – metabolism decreases up to 30–40%, especially protein metabolism; – water accumulates under the skin, the skin becomes dry and swollen; – body temperature drops; – heart activity decreases; – there is sluggishness of movements; – thinking and speech slow down; – hair falls out and becomes sparse.

Comparative characteristics of the glands Signs Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Presence of ducts YesNo Secreted substances Biologically active substances Hormones Where the secretion is released On the surface of the body or into the body cavity Into the blood Amount of secretion Milligrams, liters (mg, l) Micrograms (mcg) The role of the secretion in the implementation of humoral regulation does not carry out carries out

With a deficiency, calcium metabolism is disrupted. Bones become brittle and brittle. Teeth become susceptible to decay. Chalky spots appear on them. The excitability of the nervous system increases, convulsions appear. In excess, the calcium content in the bones decreases. They become flexible and bend easily. Calcium accumulates in the blood, liver, kidneys, and brain.

Class: 8

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Health is not a pill that you can swallow and then not have to worry about anything else. Let this sound too strict for my hard-boiled contemporaries, but health is the peak that everyone must overcome on their own.
V. Schonenberg

The most valuable thing a person has is life, the most valuable thing in life is health. “Health is the head of everything,” says a Russian proverb.

Before we begin in class to study the painful processes in the body associated with the endocrine glands, we must clearly understand what a disease is, know when a person ceases to be healthy and becomes sick.

The main goal of this lesson is to get acquainted with the structure and functions of the endocrine glands, as well as to learn to recognize the symptoms of a number of endocrine diseases.

Only by knowing the causes of diseases can we properly fight them and prevent their occurrence. And therefore, in class

The causes and symptoms of endocrine diseases were carefully analyzed.

The pedagogical technologies that were used during the lesson were as follows;

1. Work in groups. At the end of the lesson, the class is divided into several teams and each of them solves one problematic problem.
2. Use of information and computer technologies in the classroom. A presentation was created on the topic of the lesson, in which the endocrine glands and the diseases themselves were colorfully and clearly presented
3. The technology of advanced tasks was used in the lesson. Some students received a topic in advance for a short report on diseases. In the preparation of which, additional literature was used.

In conclusion, I would like to quote an ancient Chinese saying: “A wise person prevents diseases, not cures them.”

When working with a presentation, use a custom slide show

Target: Get acquainted with the structure and functions of the endocrine glands.

Tasks:

1. Show the structural features and functions of specific endocrine glands.
2. Introduce disorders associated with hypo- and hyperfunction of these glands.
3. Teach to determine the location of some endocrine glands in the corresponding areas of the body.
4. Learn to recognize the symptoms of a number of endocrine diseases.

Pedagogical technologies:

1. Work in groups.
2. Creating and solving a problem situation.
3. Information and computer technologies.
4. Anticipatory tasks, using additional literature.

During the classes

I. Test of knowledge

Frontal written work.

Write down the numbers of the correct judgments:

1. Endocrine glands do not have ducts
2. The secretion of the endocrine glands regulates the rate of metabolic processes in the human body.
3. Exocrine glands secrete hormones
4. The secretion of the exocrine glands is secreted into the cavity.
5. Enzymes are not produced by the endocrine glands.
6. Hormones from the endocrine glands are released only into the blood
7. The glands of the stomach are classified as endocrine glands.
8. The secretion of the skin glands is sweat.
9. After its action, the hormone is not destroyed.
10. Exocrine glands do not have ducts.
11. The sebaceous glands are classified as exocrine glands.
12. The sex glands are glands of mixed secretion.

Correct answers are 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12.

II. New material

Teacher: Imagine a quarrel between a cat and a dog. Fury, a frightening pose, a cat’s snort and a dog’s angry grin, growling, readiness to repel a possible attack.

And remember your feelings when you are in a crowd of fans watching the game of your favorite sports team. So many emotions and experiences! And they are from different groups of people - either a cry of approval and delight, or indignation and annoyance.

One can name many actions of both animals and humans, the manifestation of which is completely impossible without the participation of special substances - hormones (from the Latin word “garmao” - I excite); they are secreted by endocrine glands. Show on slide.

Slide 1

A person can live with one lung, one kidney, and no stomach, but he will die if the small parathyroid glands or adrenal glands are removed. There are about a dozen endocrine glands in total. These are the smallest organs. They are often called small glands of great importance. Any disruption of their work leads to illness and often death.

Hormones change the growth and development of the body, regulate metabolism, maintaining it normally. Their role is manifested when the function of the glands is impaired. Thus, in one of the heaviest people (Hodges - 468 kg), the monstrous mass was caused by a disruption of the pituitary gland after suffering from whooping cough in childhood.

Student messages about the fattest people on the planet: Slide 2 Carol Yeager, John Minnog

Conclusion: Fasting does not cure the main cause of the disease - dysfunction of the endocrine glands.

Teacher: Let's remember the hypothalamic-pituitary system that we talked about in the last lesson. Slide 3. Students work with hyperlinks and check their answers to teacher questions

– What hormones are secreted by this system and what do they affect?

Teacher: Who among us has not read a book about Gulliver’s amazing journey to the land of Lilliputians! Just as exciting is the story of how Gulliver found himself among the giants. Is there a real basis for this fantasy? You can feel like Gulliver if you imagine yourself next to the girl Lily.

Why is there such a dramatic difference in height among people? Scientists have found that the pituitary gland is in charge of the growth process. This gland weighing 0.5-0.65 g, shaped like a bean, is located in the bony depression at the base of the skull, called the sella turcica. The pituitary gland produces up to 25 hormones. Its anterior lobe secretes growth hormone. Excessive release of this hormone into the human blood (during the period of growth) causes increased growth, which is called gigantism. If pathological changes in the pituitary gland occur during a period when a person’s growth is already complete, then only certain parts of his body increase. This disease is called acromegaly.

Most often, an increase in the function of the anterior pituitary gland occurs when a tumor develops in it. The main symptoms of this disease are enlargement of the limbs and other parts of the body. The hands, feet, lower jaw, as well as the nose, tongue, lips are significantly enlarged, and the brow ridges protrude sharply.

Lack of growth hormone causes a disease - dwarfism. Slide from 5-10 hyperlinks work.

THYROID

Teacher: Remember how in a fairy tale an angry stepmother turns into a witch in front of her unloved stepdaughter - her nose became sharper, her eyes bulged out of her sockets, her face and neck swelled, the stepmother began to shake. So in a fairy tale. Can such transformations happen in life? Yes. These are diseases associated with dysfunction of the thyroid gland. Located on the sides of the trachea, just below the thyroid cartilage of the larynx (16-23 years)

Slide 11

One of the diseases of the thyroid gland is associated with its increased function (hyperthyroidism) and increased formation of its hormones, the main of which is considered to be the hormone thyroxine. Called Graves' disease.

Symptoms: bulging eyes, noticeably enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), trembling of outstretched arms with fingers spread, rapid pulse, the patient noticeably loses weight, he becomes irritable, and suffers from insomnia.

If in a fairy tale a fairy can return a person to his normal appearance, then in life a surgeon cures a patient. After removal of the overgrown thyroid tissue, all signs of Graves' disease disappear.

What happens if little hormone enters the blood (hypothyroidism)?

The disease myxedema occurs. The signs are opposite

Metabolism decreases, pulse becomes rare. A characteristically pale, puffy face with a dull expression. The skin is dry and chilly.

If from early childhood there is a sharp decrease in the function of the thyroid gland, then cretinism develops - an enlarged goiter, growth retardation and mental retardation. Slide from 12-17

THE PARATHYROID GLAND, in two pairs, is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secretes parathyroid hormone. With a deficiency - a drop in Ca in the blood, convulsions, spasms of the respiratory muscles. In case of excess, bone tissue resorption.

Slide 18

PANCREAS

Slide from 19-20

Teacher: It has special islet cells that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Insufficient insulin secretion causes diabetes. The body loses the ability to absorb sugar, it accumulates in the blood and is excreted in the urine.

Lack of insulin leads to dehydration of tissues and loss of water from the body, which causes the patient to suffer from excruciating thirst. The patient produces from 10 to 30 liters of urine per day. The sugar content in it can reach 5-10% (normally urine does not contain sugar). There is general weakness, fatigue, increased nervous excitability, weight loss or obesity. To treat this disease, insulin must be administered. Another pancreatic hormone, glucagon, is an insulin antagonist and has the opposite effect, i.e., it enhances the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, increasing its content in the blood.

ADRENAL GLANDS

Slide from 21-22

Teacher: Let's remember the Russian classic I.S. Turgenev and his story “Living Relics” (slide with text on the board, one student reads a piece from the work). This disease was first discovered in 1855 by the English doctor T. Addison.

The mass of the adrenal glands is 12 g, these are paired glands adjacent to the upper poles of the kidneys. Like the kidneys, the adrenal glands have two layers: the outer one - the cortex and the inner one - the medulla, which produce different hormones with different types of action.

The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and norepinephrine, which increases blood pressure, muscle performance, visual acuity, hearing, increases the strength of heart contractions, which contributes to the restructuring of the functions of various systems aimed at increasing the body's performance in emergency conditions (fatigue, cold, nervous overstrain).

With Addison's disease, the exchange of salts between the blood and body tissues is disrupted. Signs: bronze skin tone, muscle weakness, increased fatigue, decreased immunity. It is treated with the administration of adrenal hormones.

GENITAL GLANDS

Slide from 24-26

Teacher: Hormones produced in the female and male gonads are necessary for puberty, the formation of the physical appearance and psyche characteristic of each sex. Ultimately, the division of humanity into two halves – male and female, as well as the possibility of procreation of the human race, largely depends on the presence of sex hormones.

Dysfunction of the glands leads to changes in a number of sexual characteristics, and this, in turn, changes the human psyche. They knew about this for a long time and used it skillfully. Eunuchs were used as guards of harems; castration of animals changed their behavior, helped adapt them to work, and changed the taste and quality of meat.

Ovaries – estrogen and progesterone

Testes – androgen and testosterone

Teacher: LET'S SUM UP overview of the functions of the endocrine glands

– So what do all these glands regulate? If you try to give an answer in one word? “Homeostasis” is the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

There are several mechanisms in the body that maintain homeostasis, among them hormones play an important role.

You may come to the false conclusion that every short person, every overweight man or nervous woman should be treated with hormones. But it is not so. Diseases of the glands have many symptoms, which only a doctor can evaluate after laboratory tests. Diseases of the endocrine glands are quite rare. And most likely, your height, facial features, and temperament are your innate characteristics or the result of upbringing.

If you suffer from excess weight, increased irritability, and a tendency to fatigue, then most likely the culprit is not the endocrine glands, but violations of work and rest, sleep and nutrition.

Now we will play doctors and repeat the terminology.

We divide the class into groups:

1 group

Repeated analysis of the patient's blood and urine showed that the sugar content in them exceeded the norm. What causes the increase in sugar in the blood and urine?

2nd group

In agricultural practice, quite often powder prepared from dried pituitary glands of animals is added to the food of domestic animals raised for meat. For what purpose are they doing this?

3 group

In medical practice, there is a case where a girl stopped growing at the age of six. 3 years passed, her height was 90 cm. We decided to see a specialist... The child was prescribed a course of treatment. The patient was injected with a special substance. In 6 months she grew by 7 cm, and in the next two years by another 14 cm. What substance could affect the child’s growth?

4 group

Many years ago, doctors noticed that in some geographical areas of the planet a disease occurs, the main external sign of which is a sharp increase in the thickness of the neck (goiter). What is the possible reason for this change in the neck area? What ways can you get rid of this disease? (proliferation of thyroid tissue, either add iodine to the water, or undergo surgery)

5 group

The appearance of puffiness, the skin becomes dry, hair loss occurs, and body temperature decreases. In such patients, metabolism decreases... If such a disease begins in childhood, it develops...

6 group

When raising domestic animals for meat, males are castrated. Anticipate possible changes in the behavior and metabolism of castrated individuals.

Terms on the last slide. If there is time left.

D.Z. repeat paragraph 58, 59 + terms throughout the topic.

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The presentation on the topic “Endocrine glands” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 33 slide(s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

Endocrine glands

Shadrina Yulia Vasilievna Biology teacher Highest qualification category

Slide 2

Endocrine glands, or endocrine glands, are glands that do not have excretory ducts and secrete physiologically active substances (hormones) directly into the internal environment of the body - the blood. Hormones entering the blood, together with the nervous system, provide regulation and control of important functions of the body, maintaining its internal balance (homeostasis), normal growth and development

Slide 3

Glands of mixed secretion

Exocrine glands

Lacrimal glands; Salivary glands; Digestive glands; Sweat glands; Sebaceous glands; Mammary gland.

Pituitary; Hypothalamus; Epiphysis; Thyroid; Epithelial body; Thymus gland - thymus Pancreas; Adrenal glands; Gonads (ovaries, testes)

Pancreas; Sex glands; Liver, etc.

Glands of the body

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Hormones are substances of various classes (amino acids and their derivatives, peptides, proteins, steroids, etc.), which are usually produced and secreted by specialized glands. Some hormones have a direct regulatory effect on some organ, while others may have a programming effect, i.e. at a certain moment they change the cells of any tissues for the entire subsequent period of their life.

Slide 7

- lower cerebral appendage, located at the base of the brain above the midbrain in a bony recess - the sella turcica.

pituitary gland pituitary gland

Slide 8

13 – pituitary gland 14 – adenohypophysis - anterior lobe 15 – tubercular part 16 – intermediate part 17 – distal part 19 – neurohypophysis – posterior lobe 20 – infundibulum 21 – neural lobe 22 – pineal body

The structure of the pituitary gland

Slide 9

Anterior lobe

Growth hormone (GH); Regulatory: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic), TSH (thyriotropic), FSH (follicle-stimulating), LH (luteinizing), LTG (lactagogenic).

Posterior lobe

Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin;

Average share

Intermedin (melanocyte-stimulating)

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

Slide 10

Slide 11

F O R E D D O L Y

Enhanced function

Reduced function

Ensuring body growth at a young age

At a young age it causes gigantism, in adults – proliferation, enlargement of body parts – acromegaly

Dwarfism stunts growth; body proportions and mental development are normal

ACTH TSH FSH LH LTG

Regulates the activity of the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, gonads, genital organs, lactation

Strengthening the activity of the listed glands

Weakening of the activity of the listed glands

Impact on the body

Slide 12

POSTERIOR LOBE MIDDLE LOBE

Contraction of smooth muscles of blood vessels and uterus. Reabsorption of water in the kidney

Decreased fluid excretion in urine

Increased urinary fluid excretion

Distribution of pigment in the skin

Increased pigmentation

Reduction of pigmentation

ADH Intermedin

Slide 13

(subcollar region) It is a formation located at the base of the brain and is responsible for the autonomous functions of the body. Located in the diencephalon. Controls the endocrine system through the release of releasing hormones. Receives information from almost all parts of the brain and uses it to control many processes.

Hypothalamus

Slide 14

Releasing hormones enter the pituitary gland through the bloodstream, where under their influence the formation, accumulation and release of pituitary hormones occur

Hypothalamic-pituitary system

Slide 15

Liberina Statins

Stimulates the production of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland

Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland

Inhibits the production of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Effects of hormones on the body

Slide 16

(pineal gland) Located above the quadrigeminal (brain appendage)

Hormones Melatonin, etc.

They inhibit the production of pituitary hormones, which inhibits puberty. Adaptation.

Puberty is inhibited

Puberty accelerates. Adaptive capabilities are reduced

Slide 17

Has two lobes connected by an isthmus, consisting of microscopic vesicles - follicles

Located in the front of the neck, outside the windpipe - trachea, under the Adam's apple

Thyroid

Slide 18

The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is necessary for the normal development of the body and metabolism. Iodine is needed to produce thyroxine.

T I R O K S I N

Stimulates growth and development, enhances metabolism, nervous system stimulation, and heat generation

At an early age - increased heat exchange, exhaustion. In adults - Graves' disease - growth of the gland (goiter), bulging eyes, increased heart rate, irritability. Increased appetite, weight loss.

At an early age - cretinism (dementia, mental retardation), dwarfism, delayed sexual development. In adults – myxidema (mucous swelling), puffiness, lethargy, fatigue, drowsiness.

Thyroxine

Slide 19

– pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

Simple (endemic) Occurs when there is a lack of iodine, necessary for the thyroid gland to produce hormones

Types of goiter

Toxic Associated with excess thyroid hormones - hyperthyroidism, as in particular with Graves' disease

Symptoms depend on the degree of enlargement of the thyroid gland. There may be thickening of the necks on either side of the windpipe. Toxic goiter is characterized by increased fatigue, irritability, sweating, palpitations, trembling of the hands and the whole body

Slide 20

11 – superior parathyroid gland (right and left lobes) 12 – inferior parathyroid gland (right and left lobes)

Located on the back of the thyroid gland. Dimensions (about the size of a grain of rice), total weight – 0.1-0.13 g.

Epithelial body

Slide 21

Parathyroid hormones regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood as they are used by the body. Hypofunction of the gland - a decrease in calcium levels in the blood - causes a certain amount of the hormone to enter the bloodstream. Hyperfunction - increased reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys and a similar process in the intestines

Slide 22

or thymus - an organ of the immune system. It is located in the thoracic region and undergoes regression after puberty.

23 – thymus 24 – lobe (right/left) 26 – lobes of the thymus gland

Regulates immune and growth processes (thymosin hormone), produces lymphocytes that influence other lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.

Thymus

Slide 23

Located on the upper poles of the kidneys and consisting of two layers: cortical and medulla.

29 - adrenal gland 30 - anterior surface 31 - posterior surface 32 - renal surface 33 - superior edge 34 - medial edge 35 - hilum 36 - central vein 37 - cortex 38 - medulla

– paired glands Adrenal glands

Slide 24

Outer layer (cortex)

Inner layer (brain)

corticosteroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids. androgens and estrogens

adrenaline norepinephrine

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

Slide 25

Corticosteroids

Participate in providing immunity and adaptation. Regulate all types of metabolism

Metabolism decreases, the body’s resistance to adverse factors decreases

Addison's disease: muscle weakness, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, bronzed skin tone

Androgens estrogens

Affect the formation of secondary sexual characteristics

Early puberty. Rapid growth cessation

Late puberty

Adrenaline, noradrenaline

Increases the strength and frequency of heart contractions. Increases blood pressure. Enhances metabolism, especially carbohydrates

Heart rate increases. Blood pressure rises sharply. Increased excitability

Slide 26

Located in the abdominal cavity, behind the stomach. The cells that produce hormones are called islet cells.

Pancreas

Slide 27

insulin glucogen normal

Reduces blood sugar concentration - enhances the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in the liver muscles

Shock, accompanied by convulsions and loss of consciousness when blood sugar levels drop.

Diabetes mellitus – increased blood sugar. Metabolic disease.

Increases the concentration of sugar in the blood, promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Practically not observed, since other hormones (adrenaline, glucocorticoids) perform a similar function.

V O Z E S T V I E N A O R G A N I Z M

Pancreatic hormones

Slide 28

– a disease associated with disruption of the process of insulin formation in the body

Types of diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Occurs when insulin is not produced in the pancreas

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus A certain amount of insulin is produced in the pancreas, either this amount is insufficient, or insulin is not used by the body due to decreased sensitivity to this hormone

Symptoms include increased blood sugar, sugar in the urine, weight loss, excessive thirst, feeling hungry, and excessive urination. Impotence and changes in the menstrual cycle are common.

Diabetes

Slide 29

Paired oval-shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus

1 – uterus; 2 – fallopian tube; 3 – ovary

Microscopic structure of the ovary

16 - ovarian cortex 17 - ovarian medulla 18 - primary follicles 19 - follicles

Female gonads - ovary

Slide 30

External – cortical (follicular)

Internal - cerebral

Temporary gland does not produce esterogens progesterone

Formation of secondary female sexual characteristics: Enlargement of the genital organs, mammary glands, pubic and armpit hair Development of the female type of skeleton and muscles Appearance of sexual desire

Early puberty

Delayed puberty, at an early age – absence of secondary sexual characteristics

A decrease in excitability, especially uterine tone during pregnancy, ensures gestation of the fetus

Female sex hormones

Slide 31

Paired oval-shaped organs Located in the scrotum - a skin-muscular sac, they have a lobular structure

Testicle and epididymis

Testicle (diagram)

1 - epididymis 2 - head of the epididymis 3 - body of the epididymis 4 - tail of the epididymis 5 - lobules of the epididymis 6 - duct of the epididymis 7 - testicle 10-11 - appendage testis 26 - testicular septum 27 - testicular lobules 29 - convoluted seminiferous tubules 32 - testicular efferent tubules

Male gonads - testicle

Slide 32

Formation of secondary male sexual characteristics: enlargement of the genital organs, hair growth on the pubis, in the armpits, on the face, development of the male type of skeleton and muscles, loss of voice, etc. emergence of sexual desire

Early puberty - short stature - increased hair growth - early baldness - increased aggressiveness

Delayed puberty. At an early age - reverse development of the genital organs and absence of secondary sexual characteristics

The effect of male sex hormones (androgens) on the body

Slide 33

Biology. Supporting notes. – Moscow: INFRA-M; Novosibirsk: Siberian Agreement, 2000. – 204 p. Biology. Tutor manual for applicants to universities./ ed. I.Yu. Pavlov, D.V. Vakhnenko and others - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 2001. - 608 p. 3. Biology. Human. Textbook for 8th grade of secondary schools / ed. N.I.Sonina, M.R.Sapin. – Moscow: Bustard, 2000. – 216 p. 4. Biology in tables for grades 6-11. Reference manual / author - T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. – Moscow: Bustard, 2000 .- 240 p. 5. Biology. Full course of general secondary school: a textbook for schoolchildren and applicants. – Moscow: Exam, 2002. – 448 p. 6. Biology. A person for the 9th grade of secondary schools / edited by A.S. Batuev, I.D. Kuzmina. – Moscow: Bustard, 2002, 240 p. 7. Pocket atlas of human anatomy / ed. H. Fenish. – Minsk: “Higher School”, 2000 8. Great Encyclopedia of Traditional Medicine. – Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005. – 1088 p. 9. Electronic manual. New collection of abstracts and essays

SLIDE 1.

TOPIC NAME.

SLIDE 2.

FIRST SLIDE TEXT, THEN- Hormones are specifically active substances involved in the regulation and coordination of body functions. Hormones take part in the implementation of nervous processes, regulating the neurohormonal life support mechanisms of the body as a whole under complex conditions of interaction between external and internal environmental factors.

SLIDE 3.

The glands have different origins and structures, and are also located in different parts of the human body. The endocrine glands include the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas and gonads. Then an explanation of the picture.

SLIDE 4-5.

All hormones secreted by the endocrine glands have great biological activity and specificity. Each hormone acts on certain cells, tissues, organs, and the physiological processes occurring in them. (check out the table). Hormones in organs and tissues are quickly destroyed. Therefore, for the long-term effect of hormones, it is necessary to constantly release them into the blood and tissue fluid.

SLIDE 6.

FIRST SLIDE TEXT, THEN- The pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland, which regulates the activity of a number of other endocrine glands. Explanation of the drawing. The pituitary gland consists of two lobes: the anterior, or adenohypophysis, and the posterior, or neurohypophysis. The part of the anterior lobe that is adjacent to the posterior lobe is considered as the intermediate part. The uppermost part of the anterior lobe, covering the funnel in the form of a ring, is called the tubercular part. The neurohypophysis includes the infundibulum and the neural lobe.

SLIDE 7.

The adenohypophysis contains several types of cells that produce various hormones. Somatotropin (GH) stimulates ossification and growth of bones, muscles and internal organs. Hyperfunction The pituitary gland during the period of growth of the body causes an acceleration of this process (gigantism). Hypofunction - body length will be short (dwarf stature). If the growth of the body is complete, then overproduction of growth hormone leads to a disease - acromegaly (accompanied by enlargement of the hands, feet, skull, especially its facial part, etc.). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the production of hormones from the adrenal cortex. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is necessary for the functioning of the thyroid gland. Lactotropic hormone (prolactin, LTG) stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk secretion. Gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones - FSH and LH) stimulate the production of male and female sex hormones by the gonads.

Two hormones are released from the neurohypophysis into the blood: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which enter there from the hypothalamus. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus - regulates labor, and also, due to its effect on the ducts of the mammary glands, stimulates milk secretion. Vasopressin causes blood vessels to contract and increases the reabsorption of water from the renal tubules, which is why it is called antidiuretic hormone. Dysfunction of the neurohypophysis leads to the disease - diabetes insipidus. Patients with diabetes insipidus excrete up to 20-30 liters of urine per day.

The intermediate part of the pituitary gland produces the hormone intermedin, which regulates pigment metabolism in the integumentary tissues and the retina of the eye.

SLIDE8.

Age-related features of the pituitary gland.

SLIDE 9.

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior region of the neck in front of the larynx and the upper cartilages of the trachea. The thyroid gland has two lobes and an isthmus, which is located at the level of the arch of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. The weight of the gland in an adult is 20-30 g. The outside of the thyroid gland is covered with a connective tissue capsule, which is quite firmly fused with the larynx, so the thyroid gland is mobile (together with the larynx).

SLIDE10.

The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine, which increase the overall metabolism in the body, enhance nitrogen metabolism, as well as heat exchange, accelerate the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, increase the release of water and potassium from the body, regulate the activity of the adrenal glands, reproductive and dairy glands iron In addition, hormones influence the formation of the skeleton, accelerate bone growth and ossification of epiphyseal cartilage.

With functional underdevelopment of the gland, cretinism is observed, expressed in growth retardation, obesity, and mental retardation. Insufficient secretion leads to a disease called myxedema (in this case, there is rapid fatigue, drowsiness, dry skin, brittle nails, the face becomes puffy, as if swollen due to swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, swelling spreads to other parts of the body). With hyperfunction of the gland, diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease) develops: an increase in the mass of the thyroid gland with the appearance of a goiter, bulging eyes, increased heart rate (tachycardia) and increased excitability of the nervous system.

SLIDE11.

Age-related features of the thyroid gland.

SLIDE 12.

The parathyroid glands, round in shape, number four, and are located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland, two on each lobe. The total mass of these glands in an adult is about 0.15 g.

The parathyroid glands regulate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. The gland produces parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone - PTH 2), which has two fractions: one of them regulates the release of phosphorus by the kidneys, the other regulates the deposition of calcium in tissues, which leads to an increase in the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Removal of the parathyroid glands causes severe seizures and death.

In humans, with decreased function of the parathyroid glands, the calcium content in the blood decreases and the amount of potassium increases, which causes increased excitability and convulsions. When there is a lack of calcium in the blood, it is removed (washed out) from the bones, as a result of which the bones become flexible and the bones soften. With hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, calcium is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, in the kidneys.

SLIDE 13.

Age-related features of the parathyroid gland.

SLIDE 14.

The endocrine part of the pancreas (pancreatic islets, islets of Langerhans) is formed by groups of cells, cell clusters, rich in blood capillaries. The total number of islands ranges from 1-2 million, and the diameter of each is 100-300 microns. The pancreatic islets are dominated by so-called beta (β) cells (60-80%), which secrete the hormone insulin. Along with these cells, the pancreatic islets contain alpha (α) cells (10-30%) that produce glucagon. The pancreas also produces lipocaine, which promotes the oxidation of fats in the liver, vagotonin, which increases the activity of the vagus nerves and increases the tone of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system, and centropnein, which stimulates the nerve cells of the respiratory center and dilates the bronchi.

Hormone insulin enhances the transfer of glucose from the blood into liver cells, into muscle fibers of skeletal muscles, into cells of the cardiac myocardium and smooth muscles. In these organs, under the influence of insulin, glycogen is synthesized from glucose. Insulin also promotes the entry of glucose into fat cells, where fats are synthesized from it.

Glucagon acts differently than insulin. Glucagon breaks down glycogen in the liver and increases blood sugar, and also enhances the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue.

SLIDE 15.

Everything is on the slide.

SLIDE 16.

The adrenal medulla produces two hormones - adrenaline and norepinephrine. Both hormones have diverse physiological effects. They increase the contractility and excitability of the heart, constrict skin blood vessels, and increase blood pressure. Hormones of the adrenal medulla are mediators of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex is a vital formation. Currently, more than 30 hormones secreted by the cortex have been identified. Hormones of the adrenal cortex regulate the concentration of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the blood and tissues (aldosterone), carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism (glucocorticoids). The latter also play an important role in stress and inflammatory reactions of the body. Sex hormones are also produced in the cortex.

SLIDE 17.

Everything is on the slide.

SLIDE 18.

The thymus gland is located in the chest cavity, behind the manubrium of the sternum. It has two lobes connected by a layer of connective tissue. The substance of the gland consists of small lobules, in which the cortex and medulla are distinguished. The cortex contains a large number of lymphocytes. There are fewer lymphocytes in the medulla, but there are so-called Hassal bodies, consisting of flat epithelial cells; these bodies are credited with a secretory role.

The activity of the thymus gland manifests itself mainly in childhood. The gland reaches its greatest development by the age of 11 - 15 years, its weight at this time is about 35 g. The weight of the gland in a newborn is 10 - 15 g. From the time of puberty, the substance of the gland is gradually replaced by adipose tissue. In an adult, in place of the thymus gland there is adipose tissue, in which there are small areas of glandular tissue. The function of the thymus gland has been little studied; its hormone has not been isolated. It is believed that in childhood before puberty, the thymus gland inhibits the maturation of the gonads.

SLIDE 19.

The sex glands - testes in men and ovaries in women - are organs in which germ cells develop, and at the same time endocrine glands. The intrasecretory function of these glands is to secrete sex hormones that enter the blood. Sex hormones influence various functions. In particular, puberty of the body is associated with the development of the gonads and the release of sex hormones. Puberty refers to the development of primary and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; this occurs between the ages of 12 and 18 years.

The testicles are the primary male reproductive organs, located in the testes.

SLIDE 20-21.

Everything on the slide

SLIDE 22.

The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs, located in the lower abdominal cavity on the sides of the uterus. They produce eggs for reproduction, but also other systems - ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum - which have endocrine functions related to the body's reproductive activity.

Glands of external, internal and mixed secretion

Prepared

Bondar Margarita Vyacheslavovna

Teacher MBOU "Krasnoselskaya Secondary School named after. A.I. Kutepova"

Gland - what is it?

Gland- an organ whose function

is the production of any

substances that play an important role

in organism.

The substance may be released as

secretion out or directly as a hormone

into the circulatory system.

Work with

textbook

Glands

EXOGENOUS

ENDOGENOUS

Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

Define

• Glands with excretory

• Glands that do not have excretory

ducts and secrete their

secretions on the surface of the body

or in a body cavity

ducts and excretory

the hormones they produce

directly into the blood

or lymph

• Secrets– substances with specific effects that participate in the regulation of various vital processes of the body.

• Enzymes (enzymes)–(from Latin fermentum, Greek ζύμη, ἔνζυμον - yeast, leaven) - usually protein molecules or RNA molecules or their complexes that accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions in living systems.

• Hormones(from the Greek Hormao I induce into action) – biologically active substances secreted by the endocrine glands

Exocrine glands (exocrine system)

Excretory ducts

go out to

body surface

Excretory ducts

open at

body cavities

Mixed glands

simultaneously

being

glands

internal secretion

Sweat glands

Sebaceous glands

Lacrimal glands

Sex glands

Salivary glands

Pancreas

Stomach glands

intestines

Sex glands

Pancreas

Stomach glands

duodenum

Work with

textbook

• How is the activity of the glands regulated?

Implemented

nervous system

and some hormones

Endocrine glands (endocrine system)

Work with

textbook

Name those indicated on

gland drawing

I-pituitary gland and pineal gland;

2-parathyroid glands;

3 thyroid gland;

4-adrenal glands;

5-pancreatic islets;

Properties of hormones

Act on organs located far from the gland

Act only on living cells

The action is strictly specific: only on target organs

or to a strictly defined type of metabolic processes

Have high biological activity

Effective at low concentrations

Functions of hormones

Ensures growth and development of the body

Provides adaptation of the body to

constant environmental changes

Provide homeostasis

Control metabolic processes

ADAPTATION

(Latin adapto, adapt)

Adaptation process

(Wikipedia)

Homeostasis

(Ancient Greek ὁμοιοστάσις from ὁμοιος -

same,

similar and στάσις -

standing, immobility)

Open System Capability

maintain consistency

internal state through

coordinated reactions

aimed at maintaining

dynamic balance.

HYPOTHALAMUS

Liberins and statins

PITUITARY

(ACTH, TSH,

FSL, LG, LTG)

A growth hormone

Vasopressin

THYROID

GLAND

Thyroid

hormones – thyroxine, etc.

Calcitonin

PARATHYROID

GLAND

Parathyroid hormone

Endocrine glands and their hormones

PANCREAS

GLAND

(Islets of Langerans)

glucagon

Medulla:

adrenalin,

norepinephrine

ADRENAL GLANDS

Cortical layer:

lucoproteins

(cortisone)

Aldosterone

GENITAL

GLANDS

Estrogens (female)

sex hormones)

Androgens

(male genital

NERVOUS REGULATION

Nervous

system

Valid

to the medulla

adrenal glands

Stands out

adrenaline or

norepinephrine

HORMONAL EFFECTS

Pituitary

pituitary gland

stimulate

activity

Thyroid gland,

adrenal glands

gonads

Factors influencing the activity of the endocrine glands

WATER-SALT BALANCE OF BLOOD

ions in plasma

blood ( Ca+ Na+ K+)

Stimulates the activity of the kidneys and cortex

adrenal glands, parathyroid glands

MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL INFLUENCE

Presence of food

in the stomach and

duodenum

Stimulates the activity of the gastric glands

and duodenum

PREGNANCY

Developing

fetus

Stimulates the activity of the corpus luteum

and placenta

Disruption of activity endocrine glands

Work with

textbook

Glands

Hormones

Hyperfunction

Hypofunction

Pituitary

Thyroid

gland

Pancreas

gland

Pituitary

Controls the functioning of all endocrine glands, regulates the growth and development of the body.

The main hormone is

a growth hormone .

For hypofunction –

dwarfism

With hyperfunction –

gigantism.

Pituitary

With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland in adult person tissues of individual organs (liver, heart, fingers, nose, ears, lower jaw) grow.

Disease occurs acromegaly .

Thyroid

Regulates metabolism and development of the body.

Hormone – thyroxine .

For hypofunction –

myxedema

With hyperfunction –

Graves' disease

Thyroid

With a lack of iodine in the body develops endemic goiter – proliferation of thyroid tissue.

Adrenal glands

Mobilizes the body in extreme situations and increase his performance and endurance.

Main hormones -

adrenaline and norepinephrine .

Number of allocated hormones

depends on physiological

and psychological

state of the body.

Glands of mixed secretion

Work simultaneously as exocrine and endocrine glands.

• Pancreas
• Pancreas
• Pancreas
• Pancreas
• Pancreas

gland

• gland
• gland
• gland
• gland

• Sex glands:
• Sex glands:
• Sex glands:
• Sex glands:
• Sex glands:

Testes ( ♂)

Ovaries ( ♀)

Pancreas

Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body.

The main hormone is insulin .

For hypofunction –

diabetes.

With hyperfunction –

dizziness,

weakness,

loss of consciousness.

Sex glands They determine the formation of the body according to the female or male type, and regulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Testes

Hormone – testosterone

Ovaries

Hormone – estrogen

• Rezanova E.A., Antonova I.P., Rezanov A.A. Human biology in tables and diagrams. – M.: Publishing School, 1998.
• Mash R.D., Dragomilov A.G. Biology. Person: 8th grade: Methodological manual. – 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2004. – p. 152-154.
• http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_medicine/27816/Secretion - Dictionaries and encyclopedias on Academician

• Zverev I.D. Man: Body and health: A manual for secondary school students in grades 8-9. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2000 – pp. 156-162.
• Cliparts. http://www.lenagold.ru/fon/clipart/g/gnom2.html
• Endocrine glands. Anatomical atlas. http://www.vrach.info/anatom17.htm. Medical Center.