Example 1. It is necessary to calculate the standard time for performing an operation and the production rate in pieces. Based on special calculations in relation to a certain group of equipment, the duration of the main operation time was established - 5 minutes 25 seconds. The auxiliary time, determined by timing, was 1 minute 20 seconds. The standard time for servicing a workplace is 3% of operational time. Rest time is set depending on fatigue factors at 4% of operational time. The worker spends 50 seconds each time to prepare his place for the next operation. The duration of the work shift is 7 hours. 40 min.

Solution:

1. Determine operational time:

OP = 325 + 80 = 405 sec.

2. Determine the absolute values ​​of service time:

OB = 405*0.03 =12 sec.

H. Determine the absolute values ​​of rest time:

OTL = 405*0.04 = 16 sec.

4. Calculate the time standard:

HB = 405 + 50 +12 +16 = 483 sec.

5. We calculate the production rate:

Nv =27600/483= 57 pcs.

Example 2. It is necessary to determine the norm of service time, the norm of service and the norm of the number of cashiers. The following time standards are established for operations performed by a cashier in a supermarket:

- reading a barcode from one product - 4 seconds;

Final settlement of the client (receipt of money and change) - 1 min.

As a result of taking photographs of a working day, it was revealed that on average 1 client buys 6 items. 680 people pass through the cash register per day. Shift duration is 8 hours.

Solution:

1. Determine the time to serve one client:

НВо=4*6+60=84 sec.

2. Determine the standard of service:

But=28800/84=343 people.

3. Determine the norm for the number of cashiers:

LF=680/343= 2 people.

Task 1. Calculate the time required to complete the operation and the production rate in pieces. Based on special calculations in relation to a certain group of equipment, the duration of the main operation time was established - 3 minutes 45 seconds. The auxiliary time was determined by timing studies and amounted to 50 seconds. The maintenance time standard is 3% of operational time. Rest time is set at 5% of operational time. The worker spends 40 seconds each time. to prepare your place for the subsequent operation. The duration of the work shift is 8 hours.

Task 2. Determine the norm of service time, the norm of service and the norm of the number of cashiers. The following time standards are established for the work performed by the cashier-operator:

Verification of the provided payment document - 40 seconds;

Registration of a document through the cash desk - 1 min;

Receipt of money and change - 50 sec.

As a result of taking photographs of the working day, it was revealed that on average 1 client provides 3 payment documents to the cash desk. 300 people pass through the cash register per day. Shift duration - 7 hours 30 minutes.

Task 3. Calculate the amount of time before and after the implementation of activities. Determine how the production rate will change if the work shift lasts 480 minutes. The enterprise implemented a set of measures to improve labor organization and revise standards. As a result of improving the organizational and technical equipment of the workplace, the time of main work was reduced from 25 minutes. up to 10 min. per product, auxiliary time was reduced from 10 min. up to 5 min. The time for preparatory and final work remained at 2 minutes. The standard for service time and time for rest and personal needs is 2% and 4% of operational time, respectively.

Task 4. Determine how the number of cashiers in the hall has changed. As a result of the implementation of measures to improve labor organization, the time spent servicing one client was reduced from 8 minutes to 5 minutes. Shift duration is 8 hours. On average, 300 customers pass through the cash register per day.

Task 5. Determine the standard time for manufacturing product A and the production rate per shift. During an 8-hour shift, 22 products were manufactured, and the production norm was 110% fulfilled.

Task 6. Calculate the size of the standard piece (Tsht) and piece-calculation (Tshk) time and the production rate (Nv) in the conditions of a serial type of production, if the operational time is 12 minutes, the standard rest time is 4% of the operational time, and time standard for servicing working hours - 6%, preparatory and final time - 20 minutes, number of parts in a batch - 40 pcs.

Task 7. Calculate the complex time standard and the chord task for a team of 10 people. with the following volumes of work and operational time standards (table). Determine the deadline for completing the task in working days. The working day is 8 hours. The planned percentage of fulfillment of production standards is 109.

Table - Initial data:

Task 8. Calculate the load rate (based on the number of piece workers) for the production shop rater and, based on the load rate, determine the required number of raters if the total labor intensity of the rate setting function is 1040 man-hours, the number of piece workers is 1200 people, working time fund per month – 173 hours..

Task 9. Determine the rate of multi-machine maintenance of backup machines and the downtime of machines during maintenance according to the “waiting” scheme, if tma = 30 minutes; tз=7 min.; Kd=0.95.

Task 10. Determine the planned average number of adjusters at an enterprise with work in 2 shifts, nominal working hours - 260 shifts, real - 232 shifts per year. The number of units of serviced equipment is 360 units. The standard of service for an automatic equipment adjuster is 12 units per shift.

Task 11. Calculate the rate of piece, piece-calculation time and the rate of production for an 8-hour shift, if the time of the main work performed manually is 12 minutes. per operation, time for auxiliary work - 6 minutes, standard time for rest, personal needs and maintenance of the workplace - 10% of the operational time, preparatory and final time for 16 identical operations - 10 minutes.

Task 12. Determine the production rate for a shift lasting 8 hours. The time standard for 100 m2 of single-layer mechanized coating with roll materials is 1.8 man-hours for one worker in a team of 3 people.

Task 13. Determine the new production rate, time rate and % increase in production rate. Standard time per unit. work for one worker is 4 man-hours, the production rate for an 8-hour shift is 2 units. After carrying out organizational measures, the time limit was reduced by 10%.

Task 14. Determine the standard of service for one workplace for one worker. The standard of service for one workplace is 1.6 hours, the duration of the shift is 8 hours.

PRACTICAL TASKS

The norm of the time is called the amount of working time sufficient, with given means of labor, to produce a unit of good-quality products by a worker of the appropriate profession and qualifications, working in conditions of proper organization of production and labor.

The standard time is measured in human hours.

If the time standard is set for a link, then the calendar productivity of workers in hours is determined by dividing the time standards by the number of performers in the link.

The standard time should include:

a) time spent on main work;

b) time to prepare the workplace for work;

c) time to obtain material and tools from the storeroom;

d) time for filling, additive, tool point;

e) minor repairs and adjustment of tools;

g) transportation of material within the work area;

h) cleaning the workplace after the end of the work shift;

i) rest time during work.

Production rate.

The production norm is the amount of good-quality products (pcs, m, m 2, m 3, etc.) that should be produced per unit of time with given means of labor by workers of the appropriate profession and qualifications, working in the right working conditions.

The production rate is inversely proportional to the time rate.

EniR has price, which means the salary paid to the worker per unit of production.

The price is determined on the basis of time standards and tariff rates for the corresponding category of work.

Р = С · Н time.

P – price; C – rate; N time – standard time.

Outfit– this is a primary document containing a production task for a team, unit or individual worker in order to communicate the construction and installation plan of a construction site, as well as the terms of payment, to the direct executors.

The production task contains a list of works to be performed, their terms and volumes, and a brief description of the conditions for the work.

The work order is issued by the foreman or the work foreman (foreman), which indicates the period of work, the remuneration system, norms and prices, the amount of bonus payment, as well as the total amount of salary. for completing tasks.

At the same time, the work order is a payment document that allows you to take into account the work performed by the team and determines the salary due to the performers. and meeting production standards.

It is best to issue the work order 2-3 days before the start of work.

The work order can be ordinary and chordal (drawn up for a unit of production - 1 m 2 of flooring, etc.), but the entire complex of work is taken into account and compiled according to calculations.

Production standards for engineering and technical personnel serve the following purposes:

– legal basis for issuing a work order;

– serves as a guide for the proper organization of labor among workers;

– serves as a tool for recording worker productivity;

– serves as a guide for drawing up schedules.

6. TARIFF RATING

Tariff system is a set of normative materials with the help of which the quality of work is assessed.

The tariff system consists of 3 main interconnected elements:

– tariff schedules;

– tariff rates of 1st category;

– tariff and qualification reference book (TKS).

The elements of the tariff system also include regional salary coefficients.

The tariff system, along with labor standardization, is the basis for organizing wages. workers.

Tariff schedule– scale of wage relations for different categories of workers. These ratios represent how many times any bet is above 1 rank, and 1 r. = 1.

The wage scale does not include the nature and conditions of work. Its purpose is to differentiate tariff rates depending on the qualification requirements for the contractor.

Tariff rates determine the amount of workers' wages per unit of time, per hour or per month. The level of salary is regulated using tariff rates. workers depending on their qualifications.

For charging workers, i.e. determining their qualifications and relationship to one or another category of the tariff scale serves TKS.

For each profession, the directory provides a job description, consisting of: 3 sections:

– the characteristics of the work that the worker must perform are given;

– indicates what the worker should know;

– give examples of typical work.

A worker is assigned a rank by passing agreed tests (tests). He must answer all theoretical questions, perform 3 tests, and must meet the standards in terms of time and quality of work.

Besides the worker must know:

– fundamentals of technology and technical conditions for the right and acceptance of work;

– assortment and marking of materials used, semi-finished products and parts;

- safety regulations;

– fire safety internal regulations;

The tests are carried out in a special commission chaired by the chief engineer or senior foreman with the participation of a safety engineer, a foreman, a foreman, one or two workers of the profession for which the worker is taking the test.

7. FORMS AND SYSTEMS OF REMUNERATION IN CONSTRUCTION

Two forms of remuneration are used:

– piecework;

– time-based.

At piecework payment salary workers are paid at piece rates. It consists of the tariff rate, additional earnings for work performed above the norm and various types of additional payments depending on the payment system.

Time payment is applied for actually worked working hours at the current tariff rates established for each qualification of workers and various types of additional payments depending on the payment system.

Piecework form of remuneration is divided into the following payment systems:

1. direct piecework for individual orders - when the salary is workers are set at constant prices per unit of the relevant types and types of work;

2. direct piecework according to chord orders for a whole range of works - when the salary is calculated according to calculation prices for the final result of the work of this complex (building, floor, apartment, 1 m 3 of masonry);

3. piecework-bonus, according to which work is paid according to piecework orders within the norms at current prices, and when the standard time is reduced and the work is completed in full accordance with the working drawings, a bonus is paid, the amount of which, depending on the assessment of the quality of the work, is 0.5 –3% of the total amount of piecework earnings for each percentage reduction in standard time;

4. brigade order - when a contract is concluded with a brigade to perform the scope of work for the object as a whole or part of the work, after completion on a turnkey basis with a certain estimate, a bonus is paid;

5. lesson work, in which a bonus of 40% is paid for completing a task (lesson) with a quality rating of “excellent”, and 20% of piecework earnings if rated “good”.

Time wages shares:

1. simple time-based, according to which salary. actual time worked is paid at current tariff rates in accordance with the rank assigned to each worker according to his qualifications;

2. time-based bonus, for which, in addition to salary. according to tariff rates for timely and high-quality completion of work and depending on the worker’s profession, a bonus of 20–40% of the tariff rate is paid.

In addition to the indicated forms of remuneration, a non-work remuneration system is used, in which the salary is calculated as a percentage of the cost of work performed.

8. WORK PROJECTS

The construction of buildings and structures is carried out according to pre-compiled construction organization projects (POS) And work projects(PPR). In addition, there is still work organization project (POR).

The PPR is developed for a separate facility or complex, taking into account the PIC and working drawings. The PPR serves as a guide for organizing and carrying out work on the construction of objects and their complexes, as well as for operational planning, control and accounting of construction production.

Part PPR includes:

– network schedule for the launch complex, consolidated calendar plan (consolidated network schedule), labor flow schedule by profession, if necessary, hourly schedule, equipment installation schedule, mechanism demand schedule, picking lists;

– construction plan of the facility (complex), separately for the above-ground and underground parts, where the installation of cranes, a site for assembling structures, temporary structures, communications are determined;

– for complex work, technological maps are developed or standard technological maps and work flow diagrams are linked. Sometimes a special PPR is developed for the type of work (for example, for sliding formwork). The PPR includes a list of acts for hidden work, terms, test methods, pipeline systems and equipment;

– working drawings-references of typical temporary structures (canteens, workmen’s rooms, dispatching rooms, household facilities), dispatch diagram;

– structural diagram of a complex flow, work schedules of special and construction organizations. An explanatory note is attached to the PPR, which substantiates the decision, as well as the safety precautions and labor protection of workers;

– standard projects and standard technological maps are attached to the PPR.

POS developed by the design organization together with working drawings, paid for through design work.

PPR developed by the contractors or subcontractors themselves or at their request by specialized design organizations, carried out at the expense of the builders or for particularly complex work at the expense of the customer. The PPR is approved by the chief construction engineer. The PPR must be at the construction site no later than 2 months in advance.

9. BUILDING STANDARDS AND RULES (SNiP)– represent a set of basic regulatory documents used in construction. They are approved by the State Construction Committee of Russia and are mandatory for all builders in the country, regardless of their form of ownership.

SNiP strives to improve the quality and reduce the cost of construction by introducing rational construction design standards, as well as rules for the production and acceptance of work.

SNiP takes into account everything advanced and new in design and production as much as possible.

According to the 1995 classifier, SNiP is divided into 6 parts, and according to the 2001 classifier, into groups. Issues of organization and technology of construction production are reflected mainly in the third part of SNiP according to the old classifier and in groups 12 and 13 according to the new one.

If SNiP is followed, construction time will be reduced by 10–15%.

10. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

It consists of a set of interconnected technical, sanitary and hygienic, legislative, and organizational measures aimed at ensuring healthy and safe working conditions in production.

Accordingly occupational Safety and Health includes:

– safety precautions with fire safety;

– industrial sanitation;

– environmental protection;

– labor legislation;

- civil defense.

Tasks TB and PB are to ensure that technical and organizational measures ensure safe working conditions, eliminate the causes of production-related accidents, and exclude cases of fires.

Industrial sanitation studies the influence of working conditions on the human body and health.

Labor legislation provides for and resolves legal issues on labor relations in production, on working hours and rest for workers, on working conditions for women and adolescents, determines the procedure for hiring, transfer and dismissal, and establishes benefits.

GO determines what employees must do during a special period to avoid casualties.

In order to take into account all the above working conditions, POR s. Specific labor protection measures are reflected in the collective agreement.

The implementation of the above laws is carried out National Audit Office:

– State Labor Inspector, State Control, State Gortekhnadzor;

– Sanitary and epidemiological station;

– fire inspection;

– Civil Defense and Emergency Inspectorate;

- prosecutor's office.

11. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FLOW METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

Construction production is developing on the principles of industrialization.

Industrialization is the production of structures and parts in a factory; comprehensive mechanization of work production.

The goal is to reduce time, increase the quality of construction with the least amount of labor and money.

Industrialization makes the work of workers easier and can qualitatively change the profession of a worker (bricklayer - mason-installer). Associated with unification, typification and standardization.

The purpose of flow methods is to ensure continuous and rhythmic production of work, uniform use of monetary, material and labor resources, loading of the production base, construction machinery and equipment for uniform production of construction products.

In general, construction can be organized by sequential, parallel and flow methods.

At sequential: each subsequent building is erected following the completion of the previous one.

At parallel: All buildings are erected at the same time.

At in-line: the construction of a building is divided into corresponding technological processes (installation of foundations, construction of walls and ceilings, installation of a roof, finishing, etc.). With the flow method, teams move from one building occupation to another.

A rhythm is determined for each process and a schedule is drawn up based on this rhythm.

The period of time between the start of work of the subsequent team (link) is called flow step, and the duration of work on each grip is called rhythm of the flow.

We must strive to flow step = flow rhythm. In this case, all grips are occupied. The movement of brigades or units with the same rhythm is usually called flow with the same rhythm. Usually the rhythm is 1 shift.

Flow-high-speed construction is characterized by acceleration and intensification of flow production, which is achieved by reducing the number of jobs, reducing the flow rhythm, and combining a number of processes.

Production rate. Technical time standard. Auxiliary time. Basic (technological) time.

Technical standardization establishes a time standard, i.e., the time required to perform a given operation under certain production conditions.

According to the time standard for an operation, the time spent on the entire program for producing parts is calculated, the required number of workers, machines, the amount of electricity is determined, the needs for grinding wheels are determined, etc.

In accordance with time standards, a production plan for the site, workshop, and plant as a whole is drawn up. Workers are paid based on time spent. The time spent on an operation characterizes labor productivity. The less time spent on one operation, the more parts will be processed per hour or shift, i.e., the higher labor productivity.

The production rate is understood as the number of operations (volume of work) that a worker can perform per unit of time (per shift, per hour). Knowing the duration of the shift (420 minutes, with a 7-hour working day or 480 minutes, with an 8-hour working day) and the standard time for one operation (T), determine the production rate (420: T or 480: T).

The time standard is not a constant value, since with an increase in labor productivity the time standard decreases and the production rate increases.

When determining the norm, the best organization of labor and maintenance of the workplace is provided for, i.e., the norm should not include loss of time due to organizational problems in servicing the workplace.

The worker's qualifications must correspond to the work performed; The machine operator must not perform the kind of work that auxiliary workers are required to do.

The norm should also not include wasting time on correcting defects or manufacturing parts to replace rejected ones.

When calculating the time standard, the actual cutting conditions for a given operation, normal processing allowances, and the use of a specific tool and device must be taken into account.

The technical time standard for an operation consists of two main parts: the piece time standard and the preparatory-final time standard.

The standard piece time refers to the time spent processing a part on a machine.

The norm of preparatory-final time is understood as the time spent on familiarization with the drawing or operational sketch and the technological process of performing the operation, on setting up the machine, installing and removing tools (grinding wheels) and devices, as well as on performing all the techniques associated with completing a given task. work - handing over finished products to the inspector, handing over tools to the tool store, etc.

Preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch of simultaneously processed parts. In mass production, the same operations are performed on machines. Therefore, the worker should not change the device, tools, or familiarize himself with the drawings and technological maps for the manufacture of the part multiple times. He does this once before performing this operation.

Consequently, in mass production, the preparatory and final time is not included in the technical norm. The processing time for a batch of parts in mass production is determined by the formula

T desks =T pcs n +T pz,

where T desks is the standard time for a batch, min; T piece - piece time, min;

n - number of parts in the batch, pcs.; T pz - preparatory and final time, min. From this formula you can determine the time to manufacture one part if you divide the right and left parts by the number of parts in the batch

where T pcs is the norm of piece-calculation time, i.e., the time for the operation, taking into account the preparatory and final time. The value of T pz can be taken from standardization reference books.

From the formula it is clear that the larger the batch of parts processed on the machine, the smaller the fraction and, therefore, the smaller the T piece.

The standard piece time includes the following values:

T pcs =T o +T in +T obsl + T from,

where T o - main (technological) time, min; T in - auxiliary time, min; T service - workplace service time, min; T from - time of breaks for rest and natural needs, min.

The main (technological) time T o is the time during which the shape and dimensions of the workpiece change. The main time can be:

a) machine, if the change in shape and size is carried out on a machine without the direct physical influence of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with automatic feed of the grinding head;

b) machine-manual, if the change in shape and size is carried out on equipment with the direct participation of a worker, for example, grinding on a machine with manual feed of the grinding head;

c) manual, if changing the shape and dimensions of the part is done manually by a worker, for example, metalwork - scraping, filing the surface, etc.

The main machine time when grinding using the multiple passes method is calculated using the formula

The main machine time when grinding using the plunge method is determined by the formula

In these formulas the following designations are adopted: l - stroke length of the work table when grinding a given part, mm; q - allowance per side, mm; n is the number of revolutions of the part per minute; s pr - longitudinal feed per revolution of the part, mm/rev; s pp - transverse feed per table stroke (depth of cut), mm/stroke or mm/min, for plunge-cut grinding;

K - coefficient taking into account the time to produce a spark, is taken from 1.1 to 1.5. The length of the working stroke l when grinding with longitudinal feed is determined by the formula l=l d -(1-2m)*B, where l d is the length of the grinding surface in the direction of the longitudinal feed, mm; m is the overtravel of the wheel beyond the surface being ground in fractions of the wheel height; B - height of the circle, mm. If you need to determine the number of double table strokes per minute n dx, then you need to find the minute longitudinal feed and the length of the working stroke, and then use the formula

where s pr is the longitudinal feed per revolution of the part; n d - number of revolutions of the part. In turn, between the reverse feed s in mm/rev and the feed in fractions of the circle height s d for one revolution of the part there is a relationship s in = s d B.

Substituting the indicated values ​​into the formula, for s m we obtain:

s m =s pr *n d =s d *B*n d mm/min.

When determining the number of revolutions of a part, when its diameter and rotation speed are known, use the formula

where v d is the rotation speed of the part, m/min;

d d - part diameter, mm.

Auxiliary time T in is the time spent on various techniques used in performing the main work and repeated with each workpiece, i.e., feeding the workpiece to the machine, installing, aligning and clamping the workpiece, unclamping and removing the part, controlling the machine, control measurements of the part.

Auxiliary time is determined by timing. There are reference books that indicate auxiliary time for various cases of processing parts.

According to the Experimental Research Institute of Metal-Cutting Machine Tools (ENIMS), auxiliary time is distributed approximately as follows:

For supplying blanks to the machine 5-10%

For installation, fastening, unfastening and removal of parts 15-25%

For machine control, including manual supply (retraction) of the grinding headstock 35-50%

For measuring a part on a machine 20-40%

Auxiliary time should be reduced through the use of high-speed devices, mechanization and automation of monitoring and control of the machine. The less auxiliary time, the better the machine will be used.

Workplace maintenance time T serv is the time that a worker spends on caring for his workplace throughout the entire shift. It includes the time for changing the tool (grinding wheel), which, according to ENIMS, is 5-7% of the total amount of time spent on adjusting and adjusting the machine during operation, and for dressing the grinding wheel with diamond or diamond substitutes, which is 5-10% of the total amount of working time spent on removing chips during work, on arranging and cleaning cutting and auxiliary tools at the beginning and end of a shift, on lubrication and cleaning of the machine.

To reduce maintenance time, it is essential to reduce the time for editing, achieved by using diamond mandrels, pencils, plates, rollers, disks, automatic devices for sending commands for editing and automation of editing (automatic adjusters).

Time for rest and breaks from work for natural needs is determined for the entire shift. The time for servicing the workplace and for natural needs is set as a percentage of operational time, i.e., the sum of T o + T c.

Based on a study of the work experience of grinders, it has been established that from 30 to 75% of the total working time is spent on the main time. The rest consists of auxiliary time, time for maintaining the workplace, natural needs and preparatory and final time.

With a decrease in T in, T obs, T from, T pz, T pcs and T pcs decreases, labor productivity increases.

Having calculated all the components of the time standards T o, T in, T obsl, T from, T pz and knowing the batch of simultaneously processed parts, T pieces are determined.

Knowing the T pcs and the number of hours of work per shift, you can set the production rate per shift:

where 480 is the number of minutes in a shift for an 8-hour working day.

From these formulas it is clear that the lower the time standard T pcs, the greater the output per hour and shift. With well-organized work, workers fulfill and exceed production standards, which leads to the fulfillment and exceeding of the production plan and an increase in labor productivity.

In addition to the design and technical time standards, experimental statistical time standards are used in individual production. Such standards are obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the actual time spent on performing the entire operation. These time standards do not take into account all the possibilities for increasing labor productivity, and therefore it is not recommended to use them.

Labor rationing involves establishing a measure of labor costs for producing a unit of product (piece, m, t), per unit of time (hour, shift, month) or performing a given amount of work in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Labor standards (standards of production, time, service, number) are established for workers in accordance with the achieved level of equipment, technology, organization of production and labor.

The labor standard determines the amount and structure of working time costs required to perform a given job, and is the standard with which actual time costs are compared in order to establish their rationality. When rationing the work of workers and employees, the following types of labor standards are applied: time standards, production standards, service standards, numbers, controllability, standardized tasks. Since the universal measure of labor is working time, all labor standards are derived from the time standard.

The standard time is the amount of working time required to perform a unit of specific work (operation) by one worker or group of workers of the appropriate size and qualifications in the most rational organizational, technical and economic conditions for a given enterprise, taking into account advanced production experience. The standard time is calculated in man-hours, man-minutes or man-seconds.

To establish a standard time, it is necessary to find out the composition of working time costs and their specific values ​​for performing this work.

The composition of the time norm can be represented as the following formula

NVR = Tpz + Top + Brake + Totl + Tpt (1.1)

(Top = Tos + Tvs), (1.2)

where Nvr is the time norm;

Tpz - preparatory-final time;

Top - operational time;

Tos - main time;

Tvs - auxiliary time;

Torm - time for servicing the workplace;

Totd - time for rest and personal needs;

Tpt - breaks due to technology and production organization.

Depending on the nature of the individual elements of time expenditure, the methodology for rationing each of them changes.

Preparatory and final time, for example, is set for a batch of identical products or for the entire task in general. Its value does not depend on the size of the batch of parts, but depends on the type and characteristics of the organization of production and labor, as well as on the nature of the work. In conditions of single and small-scale production, the preparatory and final work is performed by the worker himself. In mass production, many of these works are performed by special workers (equipment adjustment, etc.). The required amount of preparatory and final time is determined on the basis of photographic data of working time and time standards.

Main and auxiliary time for all processes, except manual ones, are set separately. The main time depends on the volume of work performed and on the modes of the equipment used. It can be reduced by combining work methods, using multiple devices, group processing of parts, etc.

The scope of work to maintain the workplace and the required time spent on their implementation depend on the type and organization of production, the nature of the work performed, the type of equipment, etc. Some of this work can be carried out during machine-automatic time (lubrication and cleaning of equipment, sweeping away chips), while the other can be transferred to production maintenance workers.

The time for servicing a workplace is determined according to standards or according to photographs of working hours.

The amount of rest time depends on many factors that determine worker fatigue: physical effort, pace of work, vibration of the workplace, working posture, etc. Rest time is determined as a percentage of operating time.

Time for personal needs is set in minutes per shift or in the amount of 2% of the operational time and is included in the time norm.

All working time costs (except for preparatory and final time) are established per operation or per unit (piece) of a product and in total amount to the standard piece time (Tpc). It includes the following elements:

Consequently, the time norm consists of two main parts: the preparatory-final time norm and the piece time norm.

For manual and machine-manual work, where time for servicing the workplace, as well as for rest and personal needs is normalized as a percentage of operational time, the formula for the norm of piece time takes the following form

where K is the time for servicing the workplace, rest and personal needs, as a percentage of operational time.

In enterprises, it is often necessary to know the total time spent on producing a product or performing an operation, i.e. calculation of all costs. For this purpose, the piece-calculation time is determined, which, in addition to the piece time, includes part of the preparatory and final time per unit of production. This is the most accurate and complete time standard. It is calculated by the formula

where n is the number of products in the batch.

The production rate is the number of natural (pieces, meters, units) or conventional units of production (melts, removals, etc.) that must be produced per unit of time (shift, month) in certain organizational and technical conditions by one or a group of workers with appropriate qualifications.

Several formulas are used to calculate production rates. The most general formula is as follows

Nvyr = Tsm / Nvr, (1.6)

where Nvyr is the production rate;

Tsm - shift fund of working time;

Nvr is the established standard of time per unit of product. In those industries where preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace, for personal needs and rest are standardized per shift, the production rate is calculated using the following formulas:

There is an inverse relationship between the time norm and the production norm, i.e. as the time standard decreases, the production rate increases. However, these quantities do not change to the same extent: the production rate increases to a greater extent than the time rate decreases.

The following relationships exist between changes in the time norm and production norm:

It is quite difficult to establish time standards and production standards for certain types of work. Under these conditions, labor standards appear in the form of service standards and manpower standards, which, with the mechanization and automation of production, are increasingly used in industry.

The service standard is a set number of pieces of equipment (number of workplaces, square meters of area, etc.) that must be serviced by one worker or group of workers of appropriate qualifications under certain organizational and technical conditions during a shift. It is derived from the time norm. To calculate the service rate, you need to determine the service time rate.

The standard maintenance time is the amount of time required under certain organizational and technical conditions for maintenance during the change of a piece of equipment, a square meter of production area, etc.

Having determined the standard time for maintenance according to standards or using timing, you can calculate the standard of service using the following formula:

where Nch is the service rate;

Nvr.o - standard time for servicing a unit of equipment, a unit of production

areas, etc.;

Nvr - the norm of time per unit of work volume, per function performed;

n - the number of units of work performed during a certain period (shift, month);

K is a coefficient that takes into account the performance of additional functions not taken into account by the time standard (accounting functions, instruction, process monitoring), as well as for recreation and personal needs.

A type of service standard is the controllability standard, which determines the number of employees or the number of structural units per manager. These standards are used in cases where it is not practical to establish time standards.

The standard number of employees is understood as the number of workers of a certain professional and qualification composition required to complete a production task. The required number of workers engaged in production maintenance is determined by the formulas:

where Nch is the population norm;

O - the total number of equipment units serviced, square meters of production area, etc.;

But that's the standard of service.

In order to increase the labor efficiency of time-paid workers, they establish standardized tasks based on the above labor standards.

A standardized task is a set amount of work that an employee or group of employees must perform over a certain period in compliance with certain product quality requirements.

Standardized tasks can be set separately, and, if necessary, used in combination with service or staffing standards.

Taking into account the specifics of production, the volume of work established by a standardized task can be expressed in labor (standardized man-hours) or physical indicators (pieces, m3, etc.).

Depending on the organization of production and the nature of the work performed, standardized tasks can be set for a shift, a month, or for the period of complete implementation of a given amount of work.

cost time standard labor

Labor standards for workers are carried out using the following types of labor standards: time standards, production standards, number standards, service standards, as well as standardized tasks.

Standard time- this is a given amount of time required to produce a unit of product (unit of work) by one worker or group of workers of a certain qualification in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Production rate- this is a given number of units of products (scope of work) that an employee or group of workers of a certain qualification must produce per unit of working time in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Number of people- this is a given number of workers of the relevant profession and qualifications, which is established as necessary to perform the necessary work tasks (functions or scope of work) in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Standard of service- this is a given number of units of means of production (equipment, devices, workplaces, etc.) that an employee or group of employees of a certain profession and qualification must service during a unit of working time in the appropriate organizational and technical conditions.

Standardized task- this is a specified amount of work that an employee or group of employees must complete during a work shift or for another unit of working time.

There are also standard labor standards. These include intersectoral, sectoral and professional labor standards. Intersectoral labor standards are unified in nature and developed taking into account uniform organizational and technical conditions at enterprises in various industries. Industry labor standards are labor standards established for work specific to a particular industry. Their development is carried out through research at enterprises in a specific industry. Professional labor standards are developed for specific types of work in standard organizational and technical conditions. Local labor standards are labor standards developed directly at the enterprise itself for work that is specific to the organization and there are no standard intersectoral, sectoral, professional labor standards. The experience of Russian enterprises with examples and figures can be found in section Labor rationing portal libraries.

The establishment of standardized tasks for workers has become widespread in the last few decades to stimulate the productivity of hourly paid workers in the context of the transition from mass and large-scale production to the production of a wide range of products in small series. As a rule, standardized tasks are set for workers who are paid on a time basis. For example, in the main production - workers employed on conveyor lines, automatic line operators, electric and gas welders, in production service departments - machine operators in repair and transport areas, machine operators in experimental and tool areas. Standardized tasks are developed on the basis of time (output) standards and are established in labor (standard hour) or natural indicators (tons, meters, units of repair complexity, etc.) within labor standardization in production.

The time rate (Nvr) and the production rate (Nvir) are inversely related, which is determined by the equations:

N vr = 1/N exp; N vr = 1/N vr

Based on the standard time per unit of production (work) and the estimated number of working hours in the time period, the standard output of the worker is determined.

Example . A worker produces part M-1 in a 5-day work week of 40 hours. The estimated average monthly working time is 168 hours. The standard time for manufacturing a part is 0.33 standard hours. Production rates for time periods are characterized by the data in Scheme 1.

Application of the time standard for calculating standard production

Time standards and production standards are used in determining prices for the piecework principle of remuneration. The piece rate is determined by dividing the hourly tariff rate (C) corresponding to the category of work performed by the hourly production rate (N exp) or by multiplying the hourly tariff rate by the established time standard (N exp) in hours.

P = C/H exp or

P = C x N time

Example. Based on the example data, the standard time for manufacturing a part is 0.33 standard hours, the hourly production rate is 3.03 units. The work is charged 5th category. Hourly tariff rate of the 5th category is 16,000 rubles. Let us determine the piece rate in Scheme 2.

Piece rate calculation

An example of calculating piecework wages for a product assembler performing various work tasks is as follows (see Diagram 3).

Sheet for calculating piecework wages for a product assembler for the month

Practical examples of standardization at Russian and global enterprises can be found in Almanac "Production Management"