Environmental risk management: existing approaches and standards. Environmental risk management Environmental risks and threats of the enterprise

We are reduced to solving more specific problems. such as: ensuring demographic growth, infrastructural development of the country's territory, sustainable development of the agricultural market. At the same time, the policy of stimulating the production of highly processed products and high added value should take into account the need to attract national resources and performers at each stage of technological chains. It is necessary to give regional authorities greater freedom and authority in pursuing a regional subsoil use policy, as well as to revive the practice of “two keys” at a qualitatively new level.

LIBLIOGTAPHIC LIST

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

J1. A. Mochalo v"

These same enterprises have a significant impact on the environment, which is the result of the conditions of modern technogenesis. high environmental demands of NotrsbyUsley. mcniu-ness of state menprolating opi-anoi -i public consciousness a large number of various """logical risks In order to maintain their sustainability, these enterprises must consider:

Elephant keys1. national risks, global risk management, environmental damage

Industrial enterprises affect greatly onto the environment In conditions from modern teehnogenesis, high ecological rcquircmenlr. of consumers, activity of stele controlling bodies and consciousness of community, it results in a great amount of ecological risks. The givsn enterprises must analyze ecological risks and devclnp proper anti-risk measures to maintain ihcir stability.

Key YkvrJs. ecological risks, ecological munagcract. ecological damage.

connection with petroleum products that the environmental situation at an industrial enterprise is often associated with a fairly large number of uncertainties, the analysis and management of environmental risks contribute to increasing the efficiency and sustainability of hundred functions.

From the Angora point of view, the environmental risk of an industrial enterprise should be characterized as the possibility of reducing its environmental sustainability at the whim of the adverse effects of external and internal factors of the ecological environment, including elements of nature, economy, society and institutions. Under the environmental sustainability of the enterprise, there is a balance between C1\> development. motor “is characterized by a high degree of adaptation to the influence of external and internal environmental factors and the ability to satisfy micrological private and public needs over a long period of time.

The results of an expert assessment of the risks of a number of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the Urals, based on the classification of environmental risks by K. A. Oleipnka, showed that these enterprises, as a rule, are relatively stable in relation to natural and environmental factors (unlike, for example, from agricultural or forestry enterprises). Therefore, their natural and logical risks are very low. To a greater extent, they are exposed to environmental risks caused by the development of the technosphere and the strengthening of the environment; instability. During normal production activities, many industrial enterprises find themselves both the subject and the object of the same technical and environmental risk (for example, emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the low concentration of harmful substances in the “working area” of enterprises and create problems for the health and safety of personnel) . In this case, the risk of man-made disasters and welding (at the enterprises themselves or enterprises in adjacent territories) is quite high, associated with the occurrence of significant damage to the enterprise. What will affect the most important industrial enterprises?

Of course, in the context of tightening environmental legislation and increasing environmental regulations, they are inevitable. The highest among them so far are the environmental and regulatory risks that arise in the event of failure to comply with environmental requirements established by the state. In the future, it is expected that environmental and political risks associated with the actions of environmentally-minded public organizations and the local population will increase.

To effectively eliminate or minimize all environmental risks at an industrial enterprise, the formation and development of an environmental risk management system is required. Methodology of environmental risk management. based on generally accepted risk management methodology J1.2. 8, 9. I] is presented in Fig. 1. It implies the existence of a relationship between the stages of environmental risk management, which together allow us to identify existing problems, develop ways to solve them and create conditions for the practical implementation of these solutions. Analysis of environmental risk involves the development of environmental risk and assessment of its magnitude Environmental risk management is a logical continuation of its analysis and is aimed at justifying and practical implementation of the best decisions in a particular environment to eliminate or minimize risks and control them. Communication about environmental risk is the process of disseminating among stakeholders (doctors, scientists, politicians, management decision makers, the population and society as a whole) the results of determining its level and decisions on appropriate management (3-6. 10)

Alternatives in the field of managing environmental risks of an industrial enterprise are developed based on existing concepts of risk management. which are focused: I) on the absolute” and the complete elimination of environmental risks; 2) reducing environmental risks to a level that is perceived as practically zero; 3) MSHSHMIMSHno environmental risks, taking into account technical and technological

LNALGOEXHOSHCHESCOSH RISK

Risk identification Assessing the probability of adverse environmental events Determining environmental damage as a result of an environmental event Assessing the measure of environmental risk

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT

Assessment of environmental risk management methods PrInzgir decisions on the application of a specific set of measures to manage environmental risk Implementation of a specific set of measures Monitoring the results of the implementation of measures

COMMUNICATION ABOUT ECOLOGICAL RISK

Rice. 1. Methodology of environmental risk management of an enterprise

logical possible gay; 4) establishing environmental risks at an economically acceptable level. The author considers it most appropriate for an enterprise to choose a strategy for establishing environmental risk values ​​at an acceptable level.

The main provisions of the concept of acceptable risk in relation to the situation of managing environmental risks of an enterprise;

■ environmental risk is often a controllable parameter, the level of which can and should be influenced;

A high level of unstudied and unassessed environmental risk should not serve as a basis for refusing to make any business decision;

Legal analysis of environmental risk and the development of measures that reduce its negative consequences, as a rule, make it possible to make economic decisions that are actually implemented at an acceptable, permissible level of environmental risk;

The task of environmental risk management is to balance the benefits obtained from the implementation of an economic decision and the possible losses.

As can be seen from Fig. 2, the implementation of the concept of acceptable risk in the environmental sphere of activity of an industrial enterprise involves the identification of three different levels of environmental risk at different times: initial, assessed and final (acceptable). Thus, managing the environmental risk of an enterprise requires an analysis to help reduce the initial level to the assessed level, and the development of appropriate measures and actions that bring the assessed level of risk to the final, acceptable level.

Considering that. Since accidents or other environmental events at an industrial enterprise tend to repeat themselves, when analyzing corporate environmental risks, it is recommended to adhere to a probabilistic approach, the application of which implies the following sequence of actions.

I. Identification of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise is intended to help demand! know the extent of its negative impact on the environment and thereby draw up a detailed

1st risk level

Risk level 2

Risk level 3

Initial level of environmental risk

Risk analysis

Estimated level of environmental risk

Implementation

risk management activities and actions

Final level of environmental risk

Rice. 2. Levels of environmental risk in the concept of acceptable risk

her speech is natural and ecological. technical-ecological and sleep-environmental risks.

2. Assessment of the likelihood of a negative environmental event is possible under conditions of partial uncertainty. Finally, the predictability of environmental events varies from 0 to I. An assessment of the probability of an adverse environmental event can be made using methods for assessing the probability of occurrence of events.

3. Determining environmental damage as a result of the occurrence of an environmental event implies an assessment of the magnitude of possible losses of the enterprise, which are additional to those. that exist under the conditions of “normal” operation of the enterprise. This takes into account: damage to certain natural

resources and ecosystems in general, material damage, damage to human life and health

4. It is recommended to assess the measure (degree) of environmental risk in 111) using the mathematical expectation formula (average rnsk).

After assessing the magnitude of environmental risks existing at an industrial enterprise, the stage of direct management begins. At this stage, the process of selecting the most effective method for managing the assessed environmental risks of an enterprise is important. In this case, it is proposed to use the environmental risk positioning matrix shown in Fig. 3. The matrix is ​​located in a coordinate system, the horizontal axis of which displays the amount of predicted environmental damage for the enterprise in rubles, and the vertical axis shows the probability

Abbreviation psrbyatSHOTP 1 “in Father’s office*

4. Saio-strachoninks from risk

Maintaining (accepting) risk

3. Establishment of the Czech Republic* itsufsipshs

iormapshoi

2. 11 warmed chi rnska karteram

3 Peodshchi rnrt financial pne gitu gam

Low X Medium XX High PragioifuemyL environmental loss (UH rY

Rice. 3. Logic of choosing the most efficient method of “managing environmental risks of an enterprise”

occurrence of a risky environmental event in fractions of units Dividing the predicted environmental damage by units. medium (5 high is carried out with an oriented and quickly developed scale, which, for example, for an industrial enterprise with an annual turnover of 5 billion rubles, can be the following", the predicted damage and the amount of 0-5 million rubles is assessed as low; 5-30 million rubles - as average: more than 30 million rubles - as high. With this scale in Fig. 3, the X mark corresponds to 5 million rubles. XX - 30 million rubles. Knowledge of the DMI parameters of the environmental risk under consideration allows its positioning within the framework. , depicted by the mother and make a choice in favor of one of the indicated control methods.

Matrix quadrants 1,2. 4 corresponds to low in magnitude (acceptable or almost acceptable) “©logical risks that require the use of passive management methods associated with the implementation of cost-free or low-cost actions and activities (costly actions and activities in this case are economically ineffective due to the low cost - ny benefits). In the quadrants of the matrix there are 3,5,7 pots! -values ​​of medium and magnitude environmental risks (risks of an average degree of acceptability), implying the use of active-passive istpLoya, focused on the implementation of environmental measures. Squares of matrix O. 9 include high in magnitude (unacceptable) environmental risks (threats), implying the use of active methods, focused on radical actions and activities associated with incurring significant costs or losses.

When positioning various areas of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise within the framework of the matrix and choosing methods for managing them, the following situation is typical. Due to the fact that the environmental risks of industrial production< ия являются незначительными и в основном попадают в квадранты). 2,4. по сп ношению* ним экономически оправданно применение пассивных методов. Методы управления технико-1кояогич<чкчии рисками могут

be diverse. but in force it appears"? Nostp of most of these risks, as a rule, are active and active-passive; The choice of methods for managing the risks of an enterprise is determined by the level of environmental activity of society and the rigidity of the country's environmental laws. In conditions of insufficient environmental activity of the population and the action of rather mild environmental laws of enterprises, in order to reduce the impact of these risks, it is advisable to use passive and passive-active methods associated with the implementation of actions and activities. requiring little investment. In the case of a high level of environmental awareness of society, the rigidity of environmental legislation and the presence of control over its implementation, active and action-assive methods are the most effective.

1. Maintaining (accepting) environmental risk means the enterprise’s refusal to take any action in relation to it. The use of this method is possible at a low level of assessed environmental risk, which is quite acceptable for the enterprise (the arising “three realizations of the risk of loss have virtually no effect on the financial condition of the enterprise).

2. Eco transfer! of the Russian Federation to partners consists in the complete or partial transfer of the Russian Federation enterprise to other enterprises that act as its suppliers or buyers, or operate in the same Industry, in the same region. This method is appropriate when there is a low probability of an environmental event occurring and an average amount of environmental damage, the occurrence of which could lead the enterprise to certain financial difficulties. Partial transfer of RNska to partners can be carried out through the development and implementation of a joint environmental investment project, mutual environmental insurance, inclusion in contracts for the supply of materials or products for the transfer of private information about possible risky environmental events to nigra-hepts. Full

the transfer of environmental risks can be referred to as outsourcing, which means the sale of environmentally hazardous areas of business.

3. Transfer of environmental risk to financial institutions implies maintaining their existing level with the transfer of responsibility for the consequences of the occurrence of risk events from insurance, banking and other financial institutions. The use of this method assumes. I) environmental insurance, which means the transfer of environmental risks to an insurance company for a fee. 2) various types of financial guarantees and guarantees for loans and environmental loans.

4. Safeguarding against environmental risk means creating special reserve funds (environmental risk funds) in advance, from which compensation for losses will be made in the event of the occurrence of a “pleasant environmental event.” Insurance is advisable when the magnitude of environmental damage is small (the smaller its value, the less money is diverted in the form of reserves from production activities) and the average probability of the occurrence of an environmental event (If the probability is low, there is no point in forming a reserve fund, and with a higher probability, it is more effective to carry out measures to se reduction).

5. The establishment of internal environmental standards and the determination of responsibilities for their implementation is advisable with an average probability of an environmental event and an average amount of environmental damage, the latter of which indicates a fairly significant level of environmental risk, requiring the use of serious risk management measures. At the same time, the internal environmental standards of the enterprise must be stricter than external ones (otherwise there would be no point in establishing them). For their implementation, an effective system of environmental incentives is required, based on strict Control, large bonuses and fines.

6. Distribution of environmental risk involves reducing the enterprise’s own risk by dividing the total

risk between various environmental parties: business partners, financial institutions and the state. The use of this method is aimed at preventing and compensating for unlikely, but significant and significant environmental damage to the enterprise by implementing a set of measures: I) partial transfer of environmental risk to financial institutions; 2) partial transfer of risk to another trade. those acting as its suppliers or buyers or working in the same industry, in the same region; 3) identifying opportunities for the enterprise to receive government subsidies, credits and loans to cover possible losses and costs.

7. Reducing the likelihood of an environmental event requires serious analytical work in the field of forecasting the environmental situation, developing an effective environmental strategy for the enterprise and managing the environmental and regulatory environment.

8. Reducing environmental damage implies the implementation of preventive and compensatory environmental measures that require the involvement of large amounts of labor, material, financial and information resources. The costs incurred in this case are completely outweighed by the resulting “logical”, economic and social benefits.

9. Avoidance of environmental risk (avoidance of environmental risk) means the enterprise’s refusal to engage in types of production, psychological and economic activities that entail an inherently unacceptable level of environmental risk. Naturally. that this decision leads to quite large losses in the core activities of the enterprise, but it is worth it when taking into account the high probability of significant financial damage (associated, for example, with the suspension of the activities of the regulatory authorities and management).

The selected methods for managing the environmental risks of an enterprise serve as the basis for the development of specific actions and activities that are specific to various types of environmental risk. Econo-

It is proposed to carry out mental justification for activities in the field of environmental risk management on the basis of methodological recommendations [6]. adapted by the author to the situation of anticipating zymotic events, which allows them to be prevented in the most effective way.

In accordance with the author's approach, the economic justification of risk management measures should imply the implementation of the following procedures: determination of the total value of the results (effects) obtained subject to the implementation of planned measures in the field of environmental risk management, in physical (if possible, value) terms; cost estimates for these activities; assessment of economic efficiency and management. decisions in the field of environmental risk management Among the methods of economic justification of activities, the following should be used: the cost-benefit method (another name is cost-benefit analysis) and the cost-effectiveness method (another name is cost-benefit analysis). The cost-benefit method is based on a comparison of the benefits (results) expected from the implementation of an event with the costs of their implementation. Cost method

efficiency" is applied in the event that there is no possibility of economic assessment of the benefits received.

BISHP YUPDOICHESKIYA STO 1SKhZH

1 Bykov A. A.. Porphyry: “B. N. On risk analysis, concepts and risk classification // Problems of risk analysis. 201*6. T 3. 4. P. 319-337.

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- load intensity matrix;

[R] - matrix of environmental reactions, here R=fl(S), Where S

[A] - matrix of the degree of impact on the environment;

[B] is the matrix of the initial state of the environment, here B=f 2 (S), Where S- susceptibility of the environment to load;

[E] - environmental risk matrix.

STEP 1. Description of the initial state of the OS component.

STEP 2. Assessing the potential load on an OS component. For this purpose, an ordinal scale of the following form is used:

Ordinal load rating scale

STEP 3. Determination of susceptibility to load (the assessment uses the ordinal scale presented below).

The ordinal scale of susceptibility to stress, taking into account the fact that in the general case the reaction of the environment can be both negative and positive, has the form:

STEP 4. Aggregation of load and susceptibility to it into a single indicator (with its help, the degree of negative (positive) impact on a specific OS component is assessed using "preference matrices"", presented below). In this matrix, the aggregation results have the form of an ordinal scale, where the numbers characterize the degree of negative (positive) impact of the component on the OS. Let us explain how these numbers were obtained. The numbers presented in the “preference matrix”, varying from -5 to +5, are obtained as follows. Let us assume that with a load characterized by the number 5 (very high) and susceptibility to load characterized by the number -1 (small and very small), we obtain the number -3, the interpretation of which is presented on an ordinal scale to assess the degree of impact.

The leftmost vertical column of the matrix represents the load scale. The bottom row of the matrix represents the OS component's susceptibility to stress.

STEP 5. From the elements of the matrix presented above, it is formed ordinal scale to assess the degree of impact on the OS component (it is presented below).

The ordinal scale of the degree of impact on the OS has the form:

STEP 6. Consists of direct assessment environmental risk , which is defined as degree of potential threat OS component. To construct an environmental risk scale, an ordinal scale of the degree of impact and an ordinal scale for assessing the initial state are used. Matrix with ratings environmental risk has the form:

STEP 7. From the elements of the resulting matrix, the so-called ordinal scale for the environmental risk assessment presented below.

The ordinal scale for assessing environmental risk looks like this:

According to the proposed algorithm, the assessment of environmental risk according to this scheme is sequentially repeated for each exposed person. OS component (water, air, climate, landscape, flora, fauna, etc.).

The example presented above clearly demonstrates that when assessing environmental risk, attention should be paid to the sensitivity of the natural environment at the site of construction. Therefore, it is advisable to take this circumstance into account in practice. And understand that the level of environmental risk during the construction of an object may depend not only on the intensity of various types of load of the object on the environment (such impacts include emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into water bodies and industrial waste), but also on the susceptibility of the environment itself to load at the construction site. Therefore, a reasonable choice of construction site at the preliminary stage can subsequently influence the reduction of the level of environmental risk. Therefore, if it is possible to select a site, it is necessary to organize this procedure taking into account the environmental component.

When analyzing environmental risk, assessment methods may be of particular interest. toxic risk. This is explained simply. Environmental risk assessment usually involves a qualitative or quantitative assessment of real (potential) influences. Exposures in some cases also refer to the effects of pollutants on plants and wildlife. And toxicological risk assessment is used to assess the effects of chemicals and microorganisms on plants and animals, as well as humans. Therefore, such an element of this method as path analysis may also be of interest. exposition. Let us explain that exposition- this is the duration of action harmful factor(physical, chemical or biological) on the body. In these cases, test results are used and a curve is plotted "dose-effect". This technique is usually used when it comes to human health or the state of the environment.

For example, when investigating chemical releases, exposure analysis involves examining the boundaries of the area where chemicals are sprayed, examining how releases may occur, and under what conditions direct exposure to humans and animals may occur. And also, in what ways is it possible to spread pesticides that have entered the soil, can they accumulate in living organisms or groundwater, etc.

When this method is used, the output usually produces data characterizing risk level(in the form of a quantitative, qualitative or mixed assessment) of the impact on the object in question. This issue is set out in more detail in document R 2.1.10.1920-04 “Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health from exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment,” approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor on 03/05/2004.

However, although such exposure pathway analysis can be very useful for risk analysis, the toxic risk assessment method itself also has limitations. The main disadvantage is that when the object of study is the environment (in this case, some hazards are not only chemical), then the data obtained using only this method (as a rule, they correspond to the specific conditions of the study) are not enough to make decisions.