Student 9 "A" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" in Abakan

Head: mathematics teacher

Voeva Natalya Viktorovna

Sofia Kovalevskaya:

new era

in science

“It was Kovalevskaya who was one of the first women who, in difficult conditions, paved her own deep path into those vast fields of science where only a man had previously set foot.”

P.Ya.Polubarinova-Kochina

Goal of the work:

• Sofya Kovalevskaya opened a new era in science

Childhood

This amazing woman was born

January 3, 1850 in Moscow. Little Sonya grew up diversified, and she was especially fascinated by mathematics.

Family

Father, Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky, was an artillery lieutenant general.

Fictitious marriage

At the age of 18, in order to go abroad and get a higher education, Sophia entered into a fictitious marriage with a young biologist Vladimir Kovalevsky.

Beginning of mathematics

careers

In 1869 she studied at the University of Heidelberg with Königsberger,

and from 1870 to 1874 at the University of Berlin under Weierstrass, who was interested in her mathematical talents and supervised her classes.

Scientific activity

Sofia Kovalevskaya’s first work: “On the reduction of a certain class of Abelian integrals of the third rank to elliptic integrals”, this is how she advanced the work of Laplace.

Kovalevskaya devoted the winter of 1873 and the spring of 1874 to the study “Toward the theory of partial differential equations.” She submitted it as a doctoral dissertation and was awarded a PhD in mathematics.

Augustin Cauchy

Later the work became known as: “The Kovalevskaya-Cauchy Theorem.

In 1878, Kovalevskaya gave birth to a daughter, who was named Sonya.

At this time, her literary and journalistic activity began.

• "Memories of George Elliot" (Russian Thought, 1886, No. 6);
• "Memories of Childhood" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1890, No. 7 and 8);
• "Three days at a peasant university in Sweden" ("Northern Herald", 1890, No. 12);
• posthumous poem ("Bulletin of Europe", 1892, No. 2).

• On January 30, 1884, Kovalevskaya gave her first lecture at Stockholm University.

• On December 6, 1888, the Paris Academy notified Kovalevskaya that she had been awarded the Borden Prize.

• She was awarded the King Oscar II Prize of one thousand five hundred crowns. Friends called her “Professor Sonya.”

Social poll:

“Do you know who Sofya Kovalevskaya is?”

Memory

In 2000, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin “150th anniversary of the birth of S.V. Kovalevskaya".

Obverse Reverse

Main scientific works and literary creativity:

Mathematics

Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem “partial differential equations”;

“On carrying out a certain class of Abelian integrals of the third rank to elliptic integrals”, etc.

“Rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point”;

“Refraction of light in crystals”, etc.

Astronomy

"The Shape of Saturn's Rings"

“Childhood Memories” - 1889;

"Nihilist" - 1892 and etc.

"Martians";

“Did I have to...”;

“If you are in life...”, etc.

Soul of flame and doom!

Has your airship arrived?

Obedient to the call of truth?

In that starry world so often you

Flew away on the wings of thought,

Where did you go in your dreams?

I was thinking about the universe...

Goodbye! We honor you sacredly,

Leaving your ashes in the grave;

Let the Swedish land be above him

Lays on easily without being overwhelming....

Goodbye! With your glory

You, having parted with us forever,

You will live in people's memory

With other glorious minds,

As long as the wonderful starlight

It will pour from heaven to earth

And in a host of shining planets

Saturn's ring will not be eclipsed.

Thank you

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Presentation on the topic: KOVALEVSKAYA Sofya Vasilievna

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The first Russian woman mathematician S.V. Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow into a wealthy family of retired artillery lieutenant general Korvin-Krukovsky. The girl grew up multi-talented, but she was especially fascinated by mathematics. Her first encounter with mathematics occurred when she was 8 years old. There was not enough wallpaper to cover the rooms, and the walls of little Sonya’s room were covered with sheets of M. V. Ostrogradsky’s lectures on mathematical analysis. S. V. Kovalevskaya recalled that “from long daily contemplation, the appearance of many of the formulas was etched in my memory...”

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In 1869, the young couple left for Germany, Kovalevskaya attended lectures by leading scientists, and from 1870. she seeks the right to study under the guidance of the German scientist Karl Weierstrass. The classes were private, since women were not admitted to the University of Berlin.

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In 1874, Weierstrass presented three works of his student to the University of Göttingen for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, emphasizing that any of these works was sufficient to obtain the degree. The work “On the Theory of Partial Differential Equations” contained a proof of solutions to such equations. Nowadays, this most important theorem about differential equations is called the Cauchy-Kowalevskaya theorem. Another work contained a continuation of Laplace's research on the structure of the rings of Saturn, and the third set forth the most difficult theorems of mathematical analysis. The degree was awarded to Kovalevskaya “with the highest praise.”

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Have you ever walked indifferently, idly among the crowd, and suddenly heard some passionate song by chance? The memory of previous years came upon you like an unexpected wave, and something sweet and dear responded in your soul. It seemed to you that you had heard these sounds more than once in childhood. How much happiness, bliss, and torment were remembered in them for you. You were in a hurry to catch the familiar tune with your usual hearing, You wanted to follow every sound, every word.

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IF YOU ARE IN LIFE... If you in life, even for a moment, felt the Truth in your heart, If a ray of truth through darkness and doubt illuminated your path with a bright radiance: Whatever, in its unchangeable decision, Fate may ordain for you ahead, the memory of this Keep this sacred moment forever, like a shrine, in your chest. The clouds will gather in a discordant mass, the sky will be covered with a black haze - with clear determination, with calm faith you will meet the storm and face the thunderstorm. Lying ghosts, evil visions They will try to lead you astray; Against all the enemy’s machinations, you can find salvation in your own heart; If a holy spark is stored in it, You are omnipotent and omnipotent, but know, Woe to you if, yielding to your enemies, You allow it to be stolen by accident! It would have been better for you not to have been born, It would have been better for you not to have known the truth at all, Than, knowing it, to give up on it, Than to sell your championship for a stew. After all, the formidable gods are jealous and strict, Their verdict is clear, the decision is one: Much will be exacted from that person, To whom many talents were given. You know the harsh word in scripture: A person will ask for forgiveness for everything; But only for sin against the holy spirit there is no Forgiveness and there will never be. S.V. Kovalevskaya

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Everyone is obliged to devote his best energies to the cause of the majority. S.V. Kovalevskaya in 1880 Kovalevskaya moved to Moscow, but there she was not allowed to take master's exams at the university. She also failed to get a professorship at the Higher Women's Courses in Paris. Only in 1883 did she move to Sweden and begin working at Stockholm University, where a year later she became a professor. Over the course of 8 years, she gave 12 courses of lectures. The years of work at Stockholm University were the heyday of her scientific and literary activities.

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S.V. Kovalevskaya dreamed of scientific work in Russia, but her dream did not come true; in 1891 she died in Stockholm. “I feel that I am destined to serve truth - science and pave a new path for women, because this means serving justice. I am very glad that I was born a woman, as it gives me the opportunity to serve truth and justice at the same time.” S. V. Kovalevskaya

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The sudden death of Sofia Vasilievna Kovalevskaya shocked everyone. At her funeral, Gustav Mittag-Leffler said a short, heartfelt word: “On behalf of workers in the field of mathematical sciences in all countries, on behalf of all near and distant students and friends, I address you with my last farewell and gratitude. Thank you for the depth and clarity with which you directed the mental life of youth, for which posterity, like your contemporaries, will honor your name. Thank you also for the treasures of friendship that you bestowed on everyone close to your heart.” Later, in 1893, on the pages of the journal Acta Mathematics, he wrote: “She came to us as a herald of new scientific ideas; what importance she attached to them for solving the most significant problems in life, how willingly she shared her unusually rich store of knowledge and her ideas with each of her students!”

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Sources of information: http://mathforall.narod.ru/scinse/1.16.htm http://bse.sci-lib.com/article062284.html http://www.zateevo.ru/userfiles/image/Geroi%20Rossii /Kovalevskaya/kovalevskaya03.jpg http://www.rulex.ru/rpg/WebPict/fullpic/0076-018.jpg http://www.serednikovo.ru/history/lermontovy/lermontova_j_v/kovalevskie_s.jpg http:// www.ruschudo.ru/miracles/1111/photos/ http://logariett.livejournal.com/1225.html http://voshod.sibro.ru/article/22390

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First female mathematician Hypatia

Hypatia of Alexandrovskaya

In ancient Greek science, the most famous was Hypatia. She was beautiful, eloquent, charming. She was wise, modest, and captivated with her beauty and the powers of her mind. She studied mathematics, astronomy, medicine, mechanics, and philosophy. Hypatia was not only a scientist, but also a public figure. She also amazed me with her logic, rigor of judgment and passionate love for science.

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“I feel that I am destined to serve truth-science and pave a new path for women because it means serving justice. I am very glad that I was born a woman, as it gives me the opportunity to serve truth and justice at the same time.” S.V.Kovalevskaya

"PRINCESS OF SCIENCE" SOFIA VASILIEVNA KOVALEVSKAYA

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Sofia Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow on January 15, 1850. Her father, V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, was a large nobleman and an artillery general. After retiring, the general moved with his family from Moscow to his Palibino estate near the border with Lithuania. Her mother, Elizaveta Fedorovna, was the granddaughter of the great mathematician F.I. Schubert. At the time of the move, Sonya was about six years old. And as you know, girls at that age, even from noble families, had to study music, literature, mathematics and languages, at home - alone.

Sonya's childhood

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In addition to school teachers, she also studied with her home teacher I.I. Malevich, who was proud of her literary abilities and had high hopes for her future. But Sonechka seriously decided to take up mathematics. In 1866, during a winter trip to St. Petersburg, she began studying higher mathematics with the famous teacher A.N. Strannolyubsky.

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Sonya could only receive higher education abroad...

S. Kovalevskaya wrote: If in life you, even for a moment, felt the Truth in your heart, If a ray of truth through darkness and doubt illuminated your path with a bright radiance: So that in its unchangeable decision Fate does not assign you ahead - Keep the memory of this sacred moment forever, like a shrine in the chest. The clouds will gather in a discordant mass, the sky will be covered with a black haze, with clear determination, with calm faith you will meet the storm and face the thunderstorm.

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In order to study abroad, Sophia enters into a fictitious marriage with paleontologist Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky. But very soon they fell in love with each other, and their marriage became valid. Then they had a daughter, who was named Sonya.

Studying abroad

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In 1869, the Kovalevsky couple left for Germany to improve their knowledge and scientific work.

Arriving in Heidelberg, Sophia went to the famous physicist Kirchhoff in the hope that he would allow her to attend lectures on physics and mathematics. But he said that she should ask permission from Vice-Rector Kopp. As a result, this case was transferred to a special commission.

“A lot will be exacted from that person to whom many talents have been given.”

S.V.Kovalevskaya

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After all sorts of refusals, the commission dared to allow Sofya Kovalevskaya to attend lectures. Professors admired her ability to grasp and assimilate material on the fly. At lectures, she became acquainted with the works of Weierstrass, who admired her. In the name of her higher purpose, as she understood it, Sofya Vasilievna overcame her shyness and on October 3, 1870, went to Weierstrass in Berlin.

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After arriving in Berlin, Sonya decided to continue her studies. But she was not allowed to attend lectures at the University of Berlin, under the pretext so familiar to her: “Women are not accepted here.” Sophia, with her tough character, did not stop there, and still achieved the attention of the famous scientist Karl Weierstrass. She amazed him with her knowledge, and despite the fact that she was not accepted into the university, he agreed to give her lessons. She soon became his favorite student. Sofya Vasilyevna sat at her desk from morning to evening. On Sunday afternoons, she went to classes with the professor, and during the week he himself visited her.

Sofia Vasilievna's acquaintance with Weierstrass

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Sofya Vasilievna devoted the winter of 1873 and the spring of 1874 to the study “Towards the Theory of Partial Differentials”

To the great amazement of Weierstrass, Sofya Vasilievna found a completely different solution, masterfully reduced everything complex to simple and discovered some special cases that mathematicians did not even suspect. Kovalevskaya's work aroused the admiration of scientists.

Karl Weierstrass

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November 18, 1883 Sophia arrives in Stockholm. The Stockholm newspaper gave Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya the title “Princess of Science” and informed the Swedish people that: “Mrs. Kovalevskaya honored our city with her visit and will be the first female privatdocent in all of Sweden.” On January 30, 1884, Kovalevskaya gave her first lecture at Stockholm University, which the professors really liked.

Work in Stockholm

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The course given by Sofia Kovalevskaya in German gave her an excellent reputation. On the evening of June 24, 1884, she learned that she had been “appointed professor for a period of five years.” At this university, Sofya Vasilievna taught 12 courses over 8 years. Her lectures were a success. Here in Stockholm she met a man with whom she decided to connect her destiny, his name was Maxim Kovalevsky. But due to Sophia’s increased demands, their relationship failed.

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“The poet must... see what others do not see, see deeper than others. And a mathematician should do the same.” S.V. Kovalevskaya.

After which she finally decided to solve the problem of the rotation of a heavy rigid body around a fixed point, which boils down to the integration of a certain system of equations that always has three definite algebraic integrals. In cases where it is possible to find the fourth integral, the problem is solved completely...

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Sophia was very homesick for her homeland, for the Russian people, and in 1890 she returned to Russia, in the hope that she would be elected as a member of the academy in place of the deceased mathematician Bunyakovsky, which would allow her to pursue science in her country. But Russia refused her, and she decided to return to Stockholm. And on January 29, 1891, without regaining consciousness, Sofya Kovalevskaya died of heart palsy, at the age of forty-one, at the very dawn of her creative life.

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