Counting data using a query. Explanatory note The information presented in this section has

The audience of the project is a bearer of socio-cultural and personal problems, i.e. a social category or population group characterized by specific social and cultural characteristics.

This section provides a complete description of the problems, needs, interests, characteristics of a particular category or social group to which the program is addressed. In addition to socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, profession, etc.), it is necessary to take into account the lifestyle of a typical representative of this group, his position in society, range of interests, etc.

The audience characteristics can be based on the following criteria:

Interests;

Needs;

Personal problems of the individual.

Interests are identified in an individual or social community and are manifested in a person’s emotional attitude towards a particular object, phenomenon, in the awareness of its subjective significance and attractiveness. Interest is, first of all, the result and form of manifestation of cognitive activity. Conscious interest acts as a motive, intention, as a person’s purposeful attitude towards the object of his needs; it reflects the significance and value for a person of this or that object or phenomenon of the surrounding world, characterizes his activity in mastering them.

The scope of use of this characteristic is commercial programs, the effectiveness of which is ensured by a preliminary study of the interests of the population and, on this basis, forecasting the demand for certain services and the willingness to pay for them.

However, in this case, it should be remembered that there are certain interests that consolidate large groups of people and, in this regard, represent great social value. Failure to take these interests into account can lead to the emergence of social tension, the emergence of problems for people that will have to be solved, sooner or later, including through socio-cultural activities.

Human needs are the perceived and experienced need by him for a certain kind of objects and conditions necessary for his existence and development, which serves as the source of his activity and determines the nature and direction of his feelings, thoughts, behavior, and activities.

It is advisable to characterize the needs of the individual if the form of implementation of the project is a socio-cultural community (club, association, foundation, amateur association, etc.). Taking into account in the content of the project the typical needs that bring a person into a socio-cultural community will create the necessary prerequisites for the creative activity of the individual, provide conditions for the social demand for his potential, and will guarantee the effectiveness of the program.

Personal (or socio-psychological) problems determine, along with socio-cultural issues, the goals and objectives of the project, the types and content of activities.

The source of personal problems is a problematic situation, which at the subjective level can be transformed into either a task or a problem when the subject realizes the impossibility of resolving certain difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in specific life circumstances by means of existing knowledge and experience.

Section 4. Project goals and objectives(answer to the question “why?”). Goals are the reflected results that the designer focuses on. In essence, these are “inverted” problems that were obtained in the process of analyzing the situation - they fix its desired state, which must be achieved as a result of the project. Tasks are more specific steps that, in the substantive part of the project, can be solved by appropriate measures.

Section 5. Project implementation form. Form is an activity ordered in a certain way, a way of organizing the content, methods, means, performers and audience of the project. Depending on the design of the project, the content of the activity and available resources, the form of project implementation can be very different. In this case, the form of project implementation is a separate event - a choreographic competition.

This article describes how to use an aggregate function to summarize data in query results. It also briefly describes the use of other aggregate functions, such as COUNT And AVG, to count or average the values ​​in a result set of records. This article also discusses using the Total Row, a feature in Access that allows you to summarize data without changing the structure of your queries.

Select the desired action

General understanding of data summarization methods

You can sum a numeric column in a query using an aggregate function. Aggregate functions perform calculations on columns of data and return a single value. There are many aggregate functions in Access, including Sum, Count, Avg(to calculate the average value), Min And Max. Data is summed by adding a function to the request Sum, counting data - by using the function Count etc.

Access also provides several ways to add a function Sum and other aggregate functions into the query. You can:

Open the query in Datasheet view and add a total row. Total Row is an Access feature that allows you to use aggregate functions on one or more columns in the results of a query without having to change its structure.

Create a final query. A summary query calculates subtotals for groups of records, and a total row calculates grand totals for one or more columns (fields) of data. For example, if you want to calculate a subtotal of all sales by city or by quarter, you would use a summary query to group records by category and then sum all sales.

Create a cross request. A cross-query is a special type of query that displays results in a grid, similar to an Excel worksheet. Cross queries sum the values ​​and then group them into two sets of facts - along the side (row headers) and along the top (column headers). For example, you can use a cross-query to display the sales totals for each city for the last three years, as shown in the table:

Note: The following sections of this article describe in detail the use of the function. Sum, but be aware that you can use other aggregate functions in total rows and queries. For more information about using other aggregate functions, see the section below.

For more information about ways to use other aggregate functions, see .

The following sections describe how to add a total row, use a summary query to summarize data, and a cross-over query to calculate subtotals across groups and time intervals. Remember that many aggregate functions only work with data in fields that have a specific data type. For example, the function SUM Only works with Number, Real, and Currency data types. For more information about the data types required for each function, see the section below.

For general information about data types, see Change the data type for a field.

Preparing sample data

The instructions in this article provide tables with example data. They help you understand how aggregate functions work. You can add sample tables to a new or existing database.

There are several ways to do this in Access. You can enter the data manually, copy each table into a spreadsheet editor (such as Excel) and import the sheets into Access, or you can paste the data into a text editor such as Notepad and import it from the text files you create.

The step-by-step instructions in this section explain how to manually enter data into a blank worksheet and how to copy sample tables into a spreadsheet editor and then import them into Access. For more information about creating and importing text data, see Import data or link to text file data.

The step-by-step instructions in this article use the tables below. Create example data based on this:

Products tables

Table Orders

Table Order Details

Note: Remember that in a typical database, the Order Details table will only contain the Product Code field (no Product Name field). In this example, the “Product Name” field is used to simplify the perception of the data.

Entering example data manually

If you don't want to enter data manually, you can use the following steps to copy the information into a spreadsheet file and then import the data from it into Access.

Creating sample data sheets

Launch a spreadsheet editor and create an empty file. If you're using Excel, it creates a blank workbook by default.

Copy the first example table and paste it into the first sheet, starting from the first cell.

Give the sheet a name using the spreadsheet editor features. It must match the name of the example table. For example, if the example is called Categories, give the sheet the same name.

Repeat steps 2 and 3 to copy each example table to a blank sheet and rename that sheet.

Note: You may need to add sheets to your spreadsheet file. For information on how to do this, see the spreadsheet editor help.

Save the book in the desired folder on your computer or network and proceed to the next procedure.

Creating Database Tables from Sheets

On the tab External data in Group Import click Excel.

Click the button Additionally, and then select Spreadsheet Editor from the list.

A dialog box will open External data - sheet<имя программы> .

Click the button Review, open the spreadsheet file created in the previous steps and click OK.

The Spreadsheet Import Wizard window will open.

By default, the wizard selects the first sheet in the workbook (in this example, the sheet Clients), and the data from this sheet appears at the bottom of the wizard page. Click the button Further.

On the next page of the wizard, select The first line contains the column names and then click the button Further.

If necessary, you can change field names and data types or skip some fields by using text fields and lists in the group Field Options. Otherwise, click the button Further.

Leave the parameter automatically generate a key selected and press the button Further.

By default, Access uses the sheet name for the new table. Leave this name or enter a different one, and then click the button Ready.

Repeat steps 1 through 7 for each sheet in your Excel workbook to create a table for it.

Renaming primary key fields

Note: When you import sheets, Access automatically adds a primary key column to each table and gives it a default name of Code and a data type of Counter. This section provides instructions for renaming primary key fields. This allows you to clearly define all the fields in the request.

In the navigation pane, right-click each table created in the previous step and select Constructor.

For each table, find the primary key field. By default, Access gives each field a name Code.

In column Field name For each primary key field, add the table name.

For example, you would rename the ID field for the Categories table to "category code" and the field for the Orders table to "order code". In the "Order Details" table, rename the field to "Detail ID". In the Products table, rename the field to "product code".

Save your changes.

Summarize data using a total row

To add a total row to a query, open it in Datasheet view, add the row, and then select the aggregate function you want, such as Sum, Min, Max or Avg. This section explains how to create a simple select query and add a total row. It is not necessary to use the example tables presented in the previous section.

Creating a simple select query

Adding a Total Row

Make sure the query is open in Datasheet view. To do this, right-click the document tab for the request and select Table mode.

Double-click the query in the navigation pane. The query will be executed and its results will be loaded into the table.

On the tab home in Group Posts click the button Results.

A new row will appear in the table Bottom line.

In line Bottom line Click the cell in the field for which you want to calculate the sum and select the function from the list Sum.

Hide the total row

On the tab home in Group Posts click the button Results.

For more information about using a total row, see Displaying totals by column in a table.

Calculate grand totals using a query

Grand totals are the sum of all values ​​in a column. You can calculate several types of grand totals, including:

A simple grand total that sums the values ​​of one column. For example, you can calculate the total shipping cost.

A calculated grand total that sums the values ​​of multiple columns. For example, you can calculate sales amounts by multiplying the price of several items by the number of items ordered, and then summing the resulting values.

The grand total excluding a few entries. For example, you can calculate the sales amount only for the last Friday.

The following sections describe how to calculate each type of grand total. The instructions use the Orders and Order Details tables.

Table "Orders"

Table "Order Details"

Calculating a simple grand total

Calculate grand total excluding a few records

Calculate group totals using a summary query

This topic describes how to create a summary query to calculate subtotals across groups of data. Remember that by default, the summary query can only include the field or fields that contain the data you're grouping on, such as the Categories field, and fields with values ​​that you want to sum, such as the Sales field. Summary queries cannot include other fields that describe values ​​within a category. If you want to display this descriptive data, create a second select query that combines the fields from the summary query with the fields that contain additional data.

This section describes how to create total and selection queries if you want to determine the sales volume for each product. The following tables are used as an example:

Products tables

Table "Order Details"

The following steps also assume that there is a one-to-many relationship between the Item Code fields in the Orders and Order Details tables, with the Orders table on the one side of this relationship.

Creating a summary query

On the tab Create in Group Other click the button Query Builder.

In the dialog box Adding a table select the required tables, click the button Add, and after adding tables, click the button Close.

Double-click each of the tables you want, and then click Close. The table appears as a window at the top of the query designer.

If you use the example tables above, add the Products and Order Details tables.

Double-click the table fields that you want to use in the query.

Typically, only the group field and the value field are added to the request. However, instead of a value field, you can use a calculation, and then explain step by step how to do this.

1. Create a column that calculates sales for each transaction by entering the following expression in the second column of the query form:

   Total Sales Value: (1-[Order Details].[Discount]/100)*([Order Details].[Unit Price]*[Order Details].[Quantity])

   Make sure that the fields referenced by the expression have the data types "Number" or "Currency". If it refers to fields with other data types, an error message will appear when you try to switch to Datasheet view Data type mismatch in selection condition expression.

   On the tab Constructor in Group Show or hide click the button Results.

   The line will appear on the form Bottom line, in the first and second columns of which it will be indicated Grouping.

   In the second column, change the value in the row Bottom line lines on Sum. Function Sum summarizes individual sales indicators.

   Execute .

   Leave the request open to use in the next section.

   Using conditions in the resulting query

   The query created in the previous section includes all records in the base tables. It does not exclude any orders when calculating totals and displays totals for all categories.

   If you need to exclude some records, you can add conditions to the query. For example, you can skip transactions with an amount less than RUB 100 or calculate totals only for some product categories. This section describes the use of three types of conditions:

   Conditions that ignore some groups when calculating totals. For example, you can calculate totals only for the product categories Video Games, Pictures & Frames, and Sports Equipment.

   Conditions that hide some totals after they have been calculated. For example, you can display only totals over RUB 150,000.

   Conditions that exclude certain records when calculating the total. For example, you can exclude individual transactions in which the value (Unit Price * Quantity) is less than RUB 100.

   The following steps explain how to add conditions one by one and how this will affect the query results.

   Adding Conditions to a Query

   Open the request from the previous section in the Designer. To do this, right-click the document tab for the request and select Constructor.

   Right-click the query in the navigation pane and select Constructor.

   In line Selection conditions in the "Category Code" column, enter =Dolls Or Sports Equipment or Pictures and Frames.

   To run the query and display the results in Datasheet view, click Execute .

   Return to the Designer and in the line Selection conditions column "Total sales value" enter >100 .

   Run the query to view the results, and then switch to the Designer.

   Now add conditions to exclude individual transactions whose amount is less than 100 rubles. To do this, you need to add another column.

   Note: The third condition cannot be specified for the Sales Total column. Any condition specified for this column will be applied to the total value and not to the individual values.

   Copy the expression from the second column to the third column.

   In line Bottom line new column select Condition, and in the line Selection conditions enter >20 .

   Run the query to view the results, and then save it.

   Note: The next time you open a request in the Designer, you may notice small changes in the form. In the second column the expression in the line Field will be wrapped in a function Sum, and in the line Results will be indicated Expression instead of a function Sum.

   Total sales value: Sum((1-[Order Details].Discount/100)*([Order Details].Price*[ Order information].Quantity))

   A fourth column will also be displayed. This column is a copy of the second column, but the conditions specified in the second column actually appear as part of the new column.

Summarizing data from multiple groups using a cross-query

A cross-query is a special type of query that displays results in a grid, similar to an Excel worksheet. Cross queries sum the values ​​and then group them into two sets of facts - one set along the side (row headers) and a second set along the top (column headers). The figure shows part of the result set for an example cross-over query.

Remember that a cross-section query does not always populate all fields in the result set because the tables used in the query do not always contain values ​​for all possible data points.

When you create a cross-section query, you typically include data from multiple tables, and you always include three types of data: data used as row headers, data used as column headings, and values ​​that you want to sum or perform other calculations on.

The instructions in this section assume the following example tables:

Table "Orders"

Table "Order Details"

The following explains how to create a cross-query that groups sales totals by city. The query uses two expressions to return the formatted date and the total sales volume.

Creating a Cross Query

On the tab Create in Group Other click the button Query Builder.

In the dialog box Displaying tables Double-click the tables you want to use in the query, and then click Close.

The table appears as a window at the top of the query designer.

If using the sample tables, double-click the Orders and Order Details tables.

Double-click the fields you want to use in your query.

Each field name will appear in a blank cell in the row Field on the form.

If using the example tables, add the Destination City and Shipping Date fields from the Orders table.

To the next empty cell in the row Field copy and paste or type the following expression: Sales results: Sum(CCur([Order information].[Unit price]*[Quantity]*(1-[Discount])/100)*100)

On the tab Constructor in Group Request type click element Cross table.

The request form will display the lines Bottom line And Cross.

Click a cell in a row Bottom line in the "Destination City" field and select Grouping. Follow the same steps for the Ship Date field. Change the value in a cell Results fields "Sales totals" on Expression.

In line Cross assign the cell in the "Destination City" field the value Row headers, field "Shipment date" - value Column Headings, and the field "Sales totals" - Meaning.

On the tab Constructor in Group results click the button Execute.

The query results will be displayed in table view.

Aggregate Functions Reference

The following table lists and explains the Access aggregate functions that you can use in total rows and queries. Remember that Access has more aggregate functions for queries than for total rows. Additionally, when you work with an Access project (an external Access database that connects to a Microsoft SQL Server database), you can use the enhanced set of aggregate functions provided by SQL Server. For more information about them, see Microsoft SQL Server Books Online.

Consists of the following sections:

Section 1. “Company capabilities (summary).”

Section 2. “General description of the company.”

Section 3. “Types of goods (services).”

Section 4. “Markets for sales of goods (services).”

Section 5. “Competition in sales markets.”

Section 6. “Production plan.”

Section 7. “Marketing Plan”.

Section 8. “Legal Plan”

Section 9. “Organizational plan.”

Section 10. “Risk assessment and insurance.”

Section 11. “Financial plan”.

Section 12. “Financing Strategy.”

Section 1. “Company capabilities (summary)”

This section should not exceed several pages. Its text should be understandable even to a non-specialist - extreme simplicity and a minimum of special terms. Working on this section is extremely important, because if it does not produce a favorable effect on investors and creditors, then they simply will not look further than the business plan.

In general, the summary should answer two questions for future investors or creditors of the company (including its shareholders): “What will they get if this plan is successfully implemented?” and “What is the risk of them losing money?” This section should be developed at the very end of drawing up a business plan, when complete clarity has been achieved on all other issues.

In the section “Company Opportunities (Summary),” all areas of the company’s activities, target markets for each area and the company’s place in these markets are determined in priority order. For each area, goals are established that the company strives for, strategies for achieving them, including a list of necessary activities. Responsible persons are identified for each strategy. This section contains information that gives an idea of ​​the company, as well as all the necessary data characterizing its commercial activities.

Section 2. “General description of the company”

The business plan itself begins with a general description of the company. Its volume should not exceed several pages. The description should reflect the main activities and nature of the company. There is no need to go into details as they can be covered in other sections.

In this section, you should answer the following questions. Is the company a manufacturing, trading or service company? What and how does it intend to provide its clients? Where is it? In what geographic area does she intend to develop her business (locally, nationally, internationally)?

You should also provide some information regarding what stage of development the company has reached. Is her business at an early stage where she does not yet have a fully developed product range? Does it have a developed product range but has not yet started marketing? Or is it already marketing its products and looking to expand its operations? Those. prove the feasibility of the project.

It is very important to formulate business goals. Perhaps the company is aiming to reach a certain sales volume or geographic area. Or perhaps it hopes to become a public company or an attractive takeover candidate. Statement of such goals is important to the reviewer and may generate significant interest in the proposals. Of course, these goals should look realistic and achievable.

Section 3. “Types of goods (services)”

This section of the business plan describes all the goods and services that the company produces. The writing of this section is preceded by significant preliminary work on the selection of goods or services that should become the basis of the company's business. In this section, you must provide a description of all existing and new products and services offered by the company, answering the following questions:

1. What products (services) are offered by the company? Describe them.

2. A visual representation of the product (photo or drawing).

3. Product name.

4. What needs (real and potential) are the offered goods and services intended to satisfy?

5. How variable is the demand for these goods (services)?

6. Are these goods (services) expensive?

7. To what extent do these goods (services) meet legal requirements?

8. In what markets and how are they sold?

9. Why do consumers prefer these goods (services) of the company? What is their main advantage? What are their disadvantages?

11. What are the prices at which goods (services) are sold? What are the costs of their production? What profit will the sale of one unit of each product (service) bring?

12. What are the main technical and economic indicators of goods (services)?

13. Does this product have a brand name?

14. How is after-sales service organized for these products if they are technical products?

Section 4. “Markets for sales of goods (services)”

This section is aimed at studying markets and allows the entrepreneur to clearly imagine who will buy his product and where his niche is in the market.

First, an entrepreneur needs to find an answer to the following questions:

1. In what markets does the company operate or will it operate? What types of markets does the firm use?

2. What are the main segments of these markets for each type of product (service)?

3. Are the markets (market segments) in which the company operates or will operate based on commercial efficiency and other market indicators?

4. What influences the demand for the company’s goods (services) in each of these segments?

5. What are the prospects for changes in customer needs in each market segment?

6. How is it expected to respond to these changes?

7. How are needs and demands studied?

8. What is the total and import capacity of each national market and segment used for all goods (services) of the company?

9. What are the forecasts for the development of segment capacity in each market?

10. What is the market reaction to new products (services)?

11. Are market tests and trial sales carried out?

After answering these questions in this section of the business plan, you must present:

Assessing the potential market capacity.

Estimation of potential sales volume.

Estimation of actual sales volume.

Section 5. “Competition in sales markets”

Here you need to make a realistic assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of competing products (services) and name the companies that produce them, identify sources of information indicating which products are the most competitive, compare competing products (services) by basic price, characteristics, service, warranty and other significant features. It is advisable to present this information in the form of a table. You should briefly justify the existing advantages and disadvantages of competing goods (services). It is advisable to display what knowledge about the actions of competitors can help your company create new or improved products (services).

It is necessary to show the advantages and disadvantages of competing firms, determine the scope of each competitor in the market, show who has the maximum and minimum price, whose products are of the highest quality. It is advisable to rank the company's competitive positions, which will clarify its position and identify opportunities for potential improvements. For each target market, the firm's position must be compared with that of its competitors based on criteria such as advertising, placement, products, services, prices and image.

The rank of the company and its main competitors is indicated using a 5 or 10 point system. For each of the target markets, it is necessary to compare transport costs with those of competitors, the quality of products and packaging, compare the possibilities of reducing prices, and also have an idea of ​​​​the advertising campaign and the image of companies.

The classification code of a product is determined in accordance with six Basic Rules of Interpretation (GRI). The GPI is applied sequentially, moving from Rule 1 to Rule 2, etc. The first four rules determine the classification of goods at the level of a commodity item, Rule 6 - at the level of a subitem and is applied only after the corresponding commodity item has already been determined, Rule 5 determines the classification of packaging materials and containers that are supplied with the goods for which it is intended. Rules 5 and 6 may be applied in conjunction with the first four Rules.

Rule 1

“The names of sections, groups and subgroups are given only for the convenience of using the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity; for legal purposes, the classification of goods in the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity is carried out based on the texts of commodity items and the corresponding notes to sections or groups and, unless otherwise provided by such texts, in accordance with the following provisions: ..." [of these rules] 1.

The first part of the Rule stipulates that the names of sections, groups and subgroups are given only for the convenience of using the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity.

This means that grouping the Nomenclature into sections, groups and subgroups, which are equipped with names indicating in a concise form the various categories and types of goods, allows you to quickly determine the sections, groups and subgroups in which the product may be included. The names of sections, groups and subgroups have no legal force.

The legal basis for the classification of goods is determined by the second part of this rule: “for legal purposes, the classification of goods in the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity is carried out based on the texts of commodity items and the corresponding notes to sections or groups, and, unless otherwise provided by such texts, in accordance with the following provisions.”

Thus, the classification of goods must be made on the basis of the texts of the headings and the corresponding notes to sections or groups, and only if such texts do not provide otherwise, reference should be made to Rules 2, 3, 4 and 5.

In the nomenclature, many goods can be classified on the basis of the text of the heading without further recourse to other rules of interpretation (for example, milk and cream are named in the text of heading 0401, shawls, scarves, mufflers - in heading 6214, record players - in heading 8519) .

However, when considering the texts of commodity items, it is necessary to pay attention to punctuation marks, since they have great semantic meaning.

For example, heading 0307 includes “molluscs, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine...”. Commas between different parts of this sentence indicate that shellfish (both in shell and without shell) can be either live or chilled, frozen or dried, etc.

In the nomenclature, goods can be classified in the corresponding headings according to the material from which the goods are made, by function and by the degree of processing.

Therefore, a good can be classified both in a heading that describes the material from which it is made, and in a heading that describes the function of the good. Leaving free choice between product items is unacceptable, as this may violate the principle of uniform classification and lead to unreliable statistics. In the event that a product can be classified in various product positions, notes to sections and groups help to determine the only correct position.

When studying the notes, it is not always enough to consider those for the corresponding section, group or heading; it is also necessary to check other sections and groups, since the notes usually contain a reference to the limits of their application: throughout the nomenclature (for example, notes 1 and 5 to group 43, note 2 to section XV) within a section (for example, note 3A to section XI), group, heading, subheading (for example, note to subheading 3808 50 to group 38) or subheading (additional notes).

All notes can be classified as follows:

– excluding the product from the structural grouping under consideration;

– including goods in the specified structural grouping;

– explanatory concepts, terms and definitions;

– reflecting the manufacturing technology of the product, its technical characteristics;

– grouped goods, composite products, mixed goods, parts of goods included in this structural element;

– establishing the priority of some product items over others.

There are notes in nomenclature that take us outside a particular section, group or heading (for example, Note 1 to Section XI, which begins with the words: “This section does not include ...”) and notes that leave us within a certain section , group or heading (for example, Note 6 to Chapter 28 specifies a list of certain products that fall in heading 28.44). When studying the notes, it is necessary to take into account that the notes can establish either an exhaustive list of goods included in a certain section, group or heading (the considered example is notes 6 to group 28), or an incomplete one (basically, the text of the note indicates that “ This group (commodity item) also includes...").

Another important function of notes is to define the meaning of terms.

This is necessary, first of all, for an unambiguous understanding and interpretation of the terms used in the nomenclature. For example, Note 2 to Chapter 56 defines the term "felt".

It should be noted that some notes do not always correspond to generally accepted concepts. Thus, Note 3 to Chapter 05 states that the term “ivory” means the tusks or tusks of elephants and other animals, and the teeth of all animals. Note 4 to Chapter 05 expands the scope of the term “horsehair”. For the purposes of this note, this term also includes hair from the tails of cattle.

Another function of the note is to prevent overloading of the texts of product items. For example, headings 6103, 6104, 6203, and 6204 use the term “suit.” For a uniform classification of suits, characteristics are required according to which products can be classified as “suits”. This list of characteristics is quite voluminous and it is natural that they cannot be fully reproduced in all product positions where “suits” should be classified. Thus, notes 3a) to group 61 and notes 3a) to group 62 make it possible not to load the texts of headings.

The nomenclature also contains notes that address specific classification issues for items such as sets for retail sale, multi-part items, parts and accessories (Note 3 to Section VI).

Rule 2

OPI 2 consists of two parts – OPI 2 a and OPI 2 b.

GPI 2a: “a) Any reference in the name of a heading to any product must also be considered as a reference to such product in an incomplete or unfinished form, provided that, being presented in an incomplete or unfinished form, this product has the essential property of being complete or complete goods, and shall also be construed as a reference to complete or complete goods (or classified in the heading in question as complete or complete by virtue of this Rule), presented unassembled or disassembled.”

This rule applies if the goods are presented for classification:

a) in unfinished or incomplete form, i.e. the product is missing any parts or accessories;

b) unassembled or disassembled.

The first part of GPI 2a implies that goods in incomplete or unfinished form, which have the basic properties of complete or completed goods, are classified in the heading that describes finished (complete or completed) goods.

For example: passenger carriages without seats would be classified in the heading describing passenger carriages (heading 86.05).

The provisions of this Rule also apply to blanks if they are not classified in a specific heading. “Blank” is a product that is not ready for immediate use, has the approximate shape or outline of a finished product or part, and can only be used for finishing into a finished product or part. Semi-finished products that do not have the characteristic shape of finished products (pipes, disks) cannot be considered as “blanks”.

The second part of Rule 2a provides that complete or complete goods presented unassembled or disassembled are classified in the same headings as assembled goods.

“Goods presented unassembled and disassembled” means products the components of which are to be assembled using simple fastening material (screws, nuts, bolts, etc.) or, for example, riveting or welding, meaning that only simple fasteners are required. assembly operations.

For example: a wardrobe made of chipboard with appropriate fittings for assembly, supplied disassembled, would be classified in the heading corresponding to the finished product (heading 9403).

Unassembled components of a product that exceed the quantity required to assemble the product must be classified separately.

For example: a chipboard wardrobe comes with 8 plastic handles when assembly requires only 3, therefore 5 handles would be classified separately in heading 39.26.

GPI 2b: “b) Any reference in the name of a commodity item to any material or substance must also be considered as a reference to mixtures or compounds of this material or substance with other materials or substances. Any reference to a product made of a particular material or substance shall be construed as a reference to goods consisting wholly or partly of that material or substance. Classification of goods consisting of more than one material or substance is carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3."

This Rule applies only if the name of the product and heading contains a reference to the material from which the product is made.

This Rule expands:

– the meaning of any heading relating to a material or substance, including mixtures or compounds of this material or substance with other materials or substances;

– the meaning of any heading relating to goods made from a given material or substance, including goods made partly from another material or substance.

For example: a fur coat made of artificial fur should be classified in heading 4304, but in the manufacture of a fur coat, not only fur is used, but also lining and insulating materials, buttons, zippers, etc., nevertheless, according to Rule 2b, the fur coat is classified as as if she were made entirely of fur.

However, it is not possible to extend a heading so far as to include goods which, under Rule 1, cannot be regarded as falling within the description of the heading; this occurs when the addition of another material or substance changes the character of the product, i.e. it ceases to correspond to this heading.

For example: A mixture of sugar and honey cannot be classified in either heading 0409 “natural honey” or heading 2940 “chemically pure sugar”, since these headings clearly state that other materials cannot be present.

Rule 2b cannot be applied:

– if the presence of one of the materials cannot be neglected, since OPI 2b allows the product to be classified as a heading in which only one of the constituent materials is indicated (wooden hanger with a metal hook);

– if the product can, on the one hand, be considered as a part or accessory of another product, and on the other hand, as a product belonging to a certain heading (electric motors);

- mixtures and compounds of materials or substances and goods made from more than one material or substance, if, at first glance, they can be classified under two or more headings (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids can also be classified in heading 2806, and to position 2808).

Rule 3

OPI 3 consists of three parts – OPI 3a, 3b, 3c.

“Where, by virtue of Rule 2b or for any other reason, there is a prima facie 2 , the possibility of classifying goods into two or more product positions, the classification of such goods is carried out as follows: ... ".

This Rule provides three ways to classify goods that, at first glance, can be classified as two or more product items. Rule 3b applies only when Rule 3a does not help in classification, and if both Rules 3a and 3b fail, then Rule 3c applies. This Rule applies only to the extent that the text of the headings or the notes to sections and groups does not otherwise state.

GPI 3a: “a) Preference is given to the product item that contains the most specific description of the product compared to product items with a more general description. However, when each of two or more headings relates only to part of the materials or substances included in the composition of a mixture or multicomponent article, or only to part of the goods presented in a set for retail sale, then these headings should be considered equivalent in relation to that product, even if one of them gives a more complete or accurate description of the product."

The first method of classification is provided in Rule 3a, according to which a heading that describes a product more specifically takes precedence over a heading that describes a product more generally. It is practically difficult to establish any hard-and-fast rules by which one can quickly determine that one heading gives a more specific description of the product than another, but in general it can be said that:

– a description by product name is more specific than a description by product group;

– if the goods correspond to a description that more clearly identifies them, then that description is more accurate than one in which the identification is less complete.

For example: an aircraft cabin seat may be classified as a part of an aircraft (heading 88.03) or as seating furniture (94.01). Since the text of heading 94.01 more accurately characterizes the goods, it will be classified in this heading as seating furniture.

However, when two or more headings relate only to part of the materials or substances included in the composition of multi-component products, or only to individual goods included in a set for retail sale, then these headings should be considered as equivalent. In such cases, classification shall be made under Rule 3b or 3c.

GPI 3b: "b) Mixtures, multi-component articles consisting of different materials or made from different components, and goods presented in sets for retail sale, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3a, must be classified according to that material or components that give the goods an essential property, provided that this criterion is applicable."

The second method of classification, described by Rule 3b, applies to the following goods:

– mixtures;

– multi-component goods consisting of various materials;

– multi-component goods consisting of various components;

– goods included in the set for retail sale.

In all these cases, goods are classified as if they consisted of only one material, substance or component that gives the goods an essential property. Among the factors that give the main property to a product, the most often used are: the nature of the material, substance or component, volume, quantity, weight, cost.

When applying this Rule, multi-component goods should be considered not only goods in which all components are attached to each other, forming a single whole, but also goods with separable components, provided that, taken together, they constitute a single whole and cannot be displayed on sale in the form of separate parts (for example: a metal stand with glass containers for pepper, salt, mustard and vegetable oil of a certain shape and size).

When applying this Rule, the concept of “goods included in a set for retail sale” refers to goods that:

– consist of at least two separate products, which at first glance are classified under different headings;

– consist of products or items that jointly perform a specific function;

– must be packaged in retail containers and arranged in such a way that they do not require repackaging when sold to the consumer (for example, in boxes or crates).

For example: a computer magazine (heading 4902), a computer game CD (heading 8524), packaged in plastic packaging for sale, would be classified according to the component that gives the set its essential character, i.e. like a magazine.

But a bottle of liquor (heading 22.08) and a bottle of wine (heading 22.04) packaged together are not considered as sets in view of the failure to comply with the above Provisions, and each product will be classified separately.

It should be noted that this Rule does not apply if the text of the headings and notes to sections, groups and headings contains a direct indication of the classification of mixtures, multicomponent products and sets intended for retail sale (for example, note 1 to group 09, note 1 to section VII).

GPI 3c: “c) Goods, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 3a or 3b, must be classified in the last heading in the order of increasing codes among the headings that are equally acceptable for consideration in the classification of these goods.”

When goods cannot be classified under Rule 3a or 3b, they shall be classified in the heading which has the highest number in ascending order among the headings equally worthy of consideration, i.e. classification is carried out in basket product items.

For example: a mixture of distilled and conductometric water (50% to 50%) after applying OPI 3a and 3b will be classified in heading 2851 - “other inorganic compounds...”.

Rule 4

“Goods, the classification of which cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the above Rules, are classified in the heading corresponding to the goods that are most similar (close) to the goods in question.”

When classifying under Rule 4, it is necessary to compare the goods presented with similar goods to determine the closest products to them. The similarity, of course, may depend on many factors, such as description, nature of purpose, cost and other features.

Similarity criteria can be:

– the material from which the product is made;

– the functions that the product performs;

– production method;

- appearance;

– characteristics and properties, cost of goods.

Rule 5

OPI 5 consists of two parts – OPI 5a and OPI 5b.

“In addition to the above provisions, the following Rules shall apply to the following goods:”

GPI 5a: “a) Cases and cases for cameras, musical instruments, guns, drawing supplies, necklaces, as well as similar containers that have a special shape or are adapted to accommodate the corresponding product or set of products, suitable for long-term use and presented together with the products, for which it is intended must be classified together with the products packaged in them, if this type of container is usually sold together with these products. However, this Rule does not apply to packaging, which, forming a single whole with the packaged product, gives the latter its main property.”

This Rule applies only to packaging containers that:

– has a special shape or is intended for a specific product (set of products);

– suitable for long-term use;

– presented together with the products for which it is intended, regardless of the fact that the products themselves may be packaged separately for ease of transportation. Presented separately, these containers are classified in their corresponding product headings;

– is a container of the type that is usually sold together with the corresponding product.

Rule 5a also applies to containers presented together with the goods for which they are intended, even if these goods are supplied separately for reasons of convenience of transport.

For example: a telescope in a case-tube will be classified in heading 9005 as a telescope (the case is neglected in this case). But if a good is considered such as an ordinary wine in a hand-set crystal decanter with a diamond cut, then each item must be classified separately, since the container gives the product the main property (wine in heading 2204, and the container in heading 7013).

GPI 5b: “b) Subject to the provisions of Rule 5a above, packaging materials and containers supplied together with the goods they contain must be classified together if they are of the kind usually used for packaging those goods. However, this provision is not mandatory if such packaging materials or containers are clearly suitable for reuse."

The main conditions for the implementation of this rule: packaging or containers must be presented together with the goods they contain; containers and packaging must be the usual type of packaging used for this product. However, this provision does not apply if the packaging materials and containers can clearly be reused.

For example: granulated sugar packed in jute-kenaf bags is classified as granulated sugar in heading 1701; mineral water in polymer bottles is classified as mineral water in heading 2201. But metal cylinders and tanks for compressed or liquefied gas will be classified separately from the goods packaged in them.

Rule 6

“For legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading shall be in accordance with the names of the subheadings and the notes relating to the subheadings, and also, mutatis mutandis 3 , the provisions of the above Rules, provided that only subpositions at the same level are comparable. For the purposes of this Rule, appropriate section and chapter notes may also apply unless the context otherwise requires."

Like Rule 1, the provisions of Rule 6 provide that the classification of goods in a subheading must be carried out in accordance with the text of this subheading, as well as on the basis of its Notes and the General Rules of Interpretation. However, Rule 6 has two additional provisions:

1) subpositions must be comparable only at one level (the same number of hyphens);

2) the relevant notes to sections and groups may also apply unless otherwise stated in the context (of the headings).

To determine the proper subheading, it is possible to apply Rule 2b or Rule 3.

Thus, to determine the code at the subitem level, the algorithm discussed above is used. That is, the texts of subitems and notes to sections, groups, product items and subitems are considered; unless the texts provide otherwise, the provisions of Rules 2 and 3 apply.

It should be borne in mind that the content of a subposition with two hyphens should not go beyond the scope of the subposition with one hyphen to which the subposition with two hyphens belongs, and the content of a subposition with one hyphen should not go beyond the scope of the commodity item to which it belongs. this subheading has one hyphen.

Example. A vehicle equipped with a “mixed” type energy supply system , which ensures the joint operation of a spark-ignition piston internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The internal combustion engine has a cylinder displacement of 1497 cm 3 and a maximum power of 53 kW at 4500 rpm, the electric motor (permanent magnet) has a maximum power of 33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm. In a "mixed" power supply system, a complex controller allows a spark-ignition piston internal combustion engine and an electric motor to operate together.

Vehicles are classified in heading 8703. When classifying this vehicle at the subheading level, two subheadings are treated as equivalent: codeless subheading: vehicles with an internal combustion engine with a spark ignition reciprocating piston, other and subheading 8703 90 (other).

Since in this case the internal combustion engine with spark ignition performs the main function, the application of Rule 3b at the subheading level allows the vehicle to be classified in subheading 8703 22.

How to use the techniques described in this section

I use not only all the intelligence I have, but all the intelligence I can borrow.

Woodrow Wilson

Concluding this section, I think it would be appropriate to introduce to your attention a technique called “paired brainstorming”, which will help you increase the effectiveness of this (and other) exercises. Why not use Wilson's example and borrow the thinking resources of other people? Ask a friend or colleague to give you an hour of their time so that you can come up with a POP! headline, title, tagline, or short presentation for your project.

Step 1. Find a quiet place where there will be no distractions and will not prevent you from concentrating on the exercise. Decide who will come up with ideas first and who will write them down. After the first round, switch roles so that both have the opportunity to express their creativity.

Step 2. Take your B9 form and explain to your partner what you want to achieve in the thirty minutes allotted. Do you need to get the proposal you present to be accepted by some committee or council? Do you want to find a suitable name for your business or come up with an apt headline?

Step 3. Start with the alpha and omega technique. Perhaps some original word will come out. Say your ideas out loud, play with words, and let your partner write everything down for you. Naturally, he will not have time to record absolutely everything, unless he has shorthand skills, but let him try to write down some code words, which will later help him remember everything else. This way you can go back to those options and experiment with them.

Step 4. When about half of your allotted time remains, try one of the other techniques suggested in this section. You might want to run key words through the alphabet, or you might try to put yourself in the shoes of a client facing a problem related to your topic and describe your thoughts and experiences out loud while your partner writes down memorable phrases and expressions from your speech.

Note. When sketching out a list of options, voice everything that comes to mind without editing or analyzing anything. If you've slowed down, it means you've started to overthink and evaluate your idea. During the brainstorming process, all options are counted and go into a common pool. James Thurber said: “Even if it’s wrong, the main thing is to write it down.” Your goal is to create, not edit. The more options, the better. Make sketches now and make edits later.

Step 5. When there are five minutes left on your time, look through the entries and choose the most catchy option. Remember: what gets your attention will likely get the attention of others.

This is an incredibly enjoyable part of the POP process! - method. E. M. Forster said, “How will I know what I am thinking until I have heard what I am saying?” Being able to immerse yourself in your topic and explore options (without censorship) helps you achieve that inspired state of flow where you're lost in your thoughts and don't notice anything else around you. You may not even remember everything you said out loud, which makes it all the more pleasant to look at your notes with fresh eyes, as if you were hearing about these ideas for the first time. In a sense, this is true.

Be sure to pay extra attention to thoughts that feel like they have hidden potential—those that might be called the tip of the iceberg. If you both find a certain idea interesting, devote a little more time to it than the others. Explain in more detail what you meant by this. Such “tip of the iceberg” are like great works of art that have a multi-layered and multifaceted impact on us. The longer you look at them, the more you think about them and the more they tell you.

Don't try to switch from one of your projects to another and come up with options for both at once. It is much more effective to focus all your attention on just one project and completely immerse yourself in its topic. This is a rare opportunity to be selfish and talk as much as you like about something very important to you. The point of this exercise is to thoroughly examine your business proposal. It gives you a chance to continue the chain of your thoughts unhindered, and not break it off in order to give the right to speak to another person.

Step 6. At the end of thirty minutes, you and your partner will switch roles and they will now offer their ideas for a name, slogan or sales message. Good luck!

In the next part of the book, you will become familiar with the science and art of reducing a message to a succinct phrase that, for all its brevity, can tell a lot.

Rental of construction machinery and equipment In the course of their activities, construction organizations use a large amount of a wide variety of machinery and equipment. It should be noted that the technology and equipment used are not always

Centering Techniques You can practice centering anytime and anywhere—before you go to bed, on your way to work, even at your computer terminal. You can enter a state of centering through meditation exercises,

Other Centering Techniques The state of centering comes with prayer and can be achieved by reading a book, chanting, dancing, or doing physical exercise. All these types of activities can do without the activity of consciousness and are quite capable