Financial control control carried out after financial transactions have been completed. Forms, types and basic methods of financial control

Financial control - This is the activity of state, municipal, public and other business entities regulated by legal norms to verify the timeliness and accuracy of financial planning, the validity and completeness of the receipt of income in the relevant funds of funds, the correctness and efficiency of their use.

Types of financial control

By controlling entities financial control May be state, intra-economic, financial and credit authorities, public and independent (audit).

According to the areas (objects) of financial control, it is divided into: budgetary, tax, insurance, banking, investment, customs, foreign exchange, etc.

Financial control is the most important means ensuring legality in financial and economic activities. It is designed to prevent mismanagement and wastefulness, identify facts of abuse and theft of inventory and funds, and determine the purposefulness and efficiency of the use of financial resources.

Effectiveness financial control carried out by various entities (state authorities, local governments, auditors, audit firms) largely depends on the degree of organization of control and audit work .

Under form of financial control understand the ways of concrete expression and organization of control actions. Depending on time control there are three main forms of financial control - preliminary, current and subsequent, which are carried out in appropriate forms.

Preliminary financial control is carried out before financial and economic transactions are carried out in the form of: checking financial planning documents, checking receipts and expenditure documents when they are signed by the manager and chief accountant (executing 1st and 2nd signatures), registering and approving staffing tables, checking and endorsing contracts, checking expense reports etc. In addition, preliminary control is carried out by higher-level economic management bodies and institutions of the financial and credit system when considering financial (credit, cash) plans, estimates and other regulatory calculations, opening limits on budget assignments and transferring budget funds, paying for expenditure documents through territorial bodies Federal Treasury.

Subsequent control carried out after the completion of financial and economic transactions in order to additionally verify their legality and validity, feasibility and economic efficiency. This form of control is carried out in the form of: audits, various checks (thematic, operational, in-depth, cluster, etc.), analysis of reports and balances , as well as using other forms directly on site - at enterprises, institutions and organizations.

Current (operational) control carried out directly in the process of operations for the expenditure and receipt of funds, is a type of managerial financial control carried out at all stages of management decisions related to the formation, distribution and use of funds of financial resources and is carried out in the form of monitoring (supervision). Based on operational and accounting data, inventories and visual observation, current control helps prevent the commission of financial offenses, as well as regulate financial risks, ensures the achievement of management goals. Object current control is documentation directly related to the payment or receipt of funds, execution of budgets and estimates. Actual costs are regularly compared with current spending standards in order to promptly identify deviations.

Under control methods understand the techniques and methods of its implementation. The main methods of financial control are combined into 4 groups:

Document control methods, which are based on the verification of documents confirming the completion of financial and economic transactions (verification of the essence of the operation, its accounting verification, etc.).

Methods of actual control are based on checking the actual availability of monetary, material and other funds (assets), establishing their compliance with accounting data (inventory, test purchase, control measurement or opening, etc.).

Calculation and analytical methods, which are based on cause-and-effect relationships between events and phenomena, as well as planned, accounting and reporting data (logical assessment of information, analysis of financial statements, sampling and grouping of data, etc.)

Informative methods- obtaining additional information confirming the type and size of the financial violation, the reasons and perpetrators, circumstances and other facts of its commission (written explanations, certificates, etc.).

The main method of financial control is audit, which is carried out with the aim of establishing the legality, feasibility and economic efficiency of each financial transaction and the activities of officials in their implementation, assessing the state of financial discipline at a specific facility. The legislation establishes the mandatory and regular nature of audits. They are carried out on site and are based on checking primary documents, accounting registers, accounting and statistical reporting, and the actual availability of funds. As a rule, audits are carried out on the basis of a pre-designed work program auditors, who are endowed with broad rights:

check at the audited enterprises primary documents, accounting reports, plans, estimates, the actual availability of money, securities, inventory and fixed assets;

carry out partial or complete inventories, seal warehouses, cash registers, storerooms;

involve specialists and experts to conduct an audit;

receive written explanations from officials and financially responsible persons on issues arising during the audit, etc.

Audits are carried out according to plan, which is compiled by higher authorities: ministries, federal services and agencies. Scheduled audits of organizations that carry out cash transactions are carried out at least once a year, and of those that do not carry out cash transactions - at least twice a year.

Financial control bodiesin the Russian Federation, these are government agencies responsible for compliance with legal requirements in certain areas of financial activity. Let us consider the specifics of the main Russian financial control bodies in more detail.

Financial control bodies in the Russian Federation

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 25, 1996 No. 1095, some authorities in the Russian Federation received official powers to exercise state financial control. Among them:

Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation;
Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
Ministry of Finance;
Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties (as a result of the administrative reform of 2004, it was transformed into the Federal Tax Service of Russia, reporting to the Ministry of Finance);
State Customs Committee (after 2004, transformed into the Federal Customs Service, which became accountable to the government).

Previously, such bodies included the Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Currency and Export Control, but in 2000 it was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economic Development.

Clause 2 of Decree No. 1095 also contains a provision according to which state financial control can be exercised by other bodies competent in monitoring the receipt and expenditure of funds within the Russian budget system.

Thus, the legally established list of structures exercising financial control in the Russian Federation is not closed.

Authorities in the Russian Federation are also formed at the level of local government. In accordance with the provisions of Art. 12 of the Russian Constitution, municipal power is separated from state power. So municipalities can, within the limits of their powers, form their own financial control bodies. These could be, for example, the city chamber of accounts or a working group under the council of deputies.

Certain powers in the field of financial control can be vested in the Prosecutor General's Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the FSB - within the framework of solving problems that reflect the involvement of these bodies in ensuring the legality of budgetary relations. Financial control in general is not considered as the main activity of law enforcement agencies, therefore this area of activity of security forces is most often associated with interdepartmental communications.

How financial control authorities interact with each other

So, financial control authorities in the Russian Federation can interact with each other.

We noted above that the activities of law enforcement agencies are less correlated with financial control than the activities of departments whose competence is defined in Decree No. 1095. And therefore, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB, as a rule, interact with the relevant relevant authorities as part of their monitoring functions.

So, according to paragraph 7 of section. Order II of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the FSB of the Russian Federation dated December 7, 1999 No. 89n/1033/717, control and audit bodies may, at the request of the prosecutor or when law enforcement agencies issue a reasoned resolution, initiate an audit of an organization of any form of ownership.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of the order of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and Rosfinnadzor dated April 15, 2014 No. 162/117, Rosfinnadzor bodies, upon receipt of a motivated request from the prosecutor's office, can conduct inspections of organizations that are participants in budgetary relations, manage funds from extra-budgetary funds or material assets owned by the state . Inspections carried out as part of the interaction between Rosfinnadzor and the Prosecutor General’s Office may also concern the activities of persons carrying out currency transactions.

Similar communications are quite possible between departments that are not related to law enforcement agencies. So, in accordance with clause 2.1 of Art. 2 agreements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated June 29, 2010 No. 01-15/3182 and the Federal Tax Service of Russia No. MMV-27-2/5 The Central Bank and tax authorities can exchange a wide range of information relating to persons interacting with one department and at the same time interesting to another. For example, the Central Bank may inform the Federal Tax Service about banks in respect of which measures have been taken to limit settlements for transactions of legal entities. In turn, tax authorities can inform the Central Bank about the facts of incorrect transfer of taxpayers’ funds to the budget due to the fault of credit institutions.

Another financial control body reporting to the Ministry of Finance is Rosfinnadzor. The main object of inspection of this structure is financial and budgetary processes, as well as foreign exchange transactions. The department monitors how correctly Russian budget funds, subsidies, subventions, and loans are used, identifies violations in the field of financial and budgetary legislation, and suppresses them.

In turn, Rosfinmonitoring reports not to the Ministry of Finance, but to the President of the Russian Federation. This financial control body monitors transactions related to various transactions of individuals and legal entities in order to identify channels for financing terrorism and other illegal activities. Also within the competence of Rosfinmonitoring is bringing to justice persons who carry out actions prohibited by law in terms of cash flow.

The Federal Treasury, reporting to the Ministry of Finance, in terms of financial control, solves problems related to ensuring the execution of the state budget, state programs, and the effective spending of funds belonging to the state. The authority of the department includes taking measures to eliminate violations of laws regulating the use of budget funds, as well as taking preventive measures against persons capable of violating legislation in the field of managing budget funds.

Bodies exercising financial control in municipalities and regions

Financial control bodies can also be formed at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. Despite the fact that state and local authorities in the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution, are independent of each other, the relevant institutions solve common problems aimed at ensuring the legality of the disposal of budget funds at the regional or municipal level.

The main methods and legal mechanisms implemented at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are generally similar to those used by federal financial control authorities. In turn, municipal structures - due to the local characteristics of the budget process - can use private approaches to organizing work. In some cases, the authority to exercise financial control over budgetary relations at the local government level is simultaneously exercised by several local institutions, and this is enshrined in municipal regulations.

Often, entities that are not directly related to government structures are involved in processes at the level of municipal budget communications related to financial control: independent auditors, public groups, NPOs.

Bank of Russia as a control financial body

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation exercises financial control in the field of monetary relations, settlements, turnover of the Russian ruble and foreign currencies. Main functions of the Bank of Russia:

protecting the ruble from currency fluctuations, ensuring its sufficient purchasing power;
increasing the efficiency of Russian banks;
ensuring the efficient operation of payment systems operating in the Russian Federation;
issuing loans to private financial institutions;
registration of new banks, issuance and cancellation of banking licenses;
implementation of regulations for banking operations.

Key tasks solved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation within the framework of financial control and related activities:

development of effective monetary policy algorithms;
ensuring sufficient issue of cash, organizing their correct circulation;
development of a balanced policy regarding determining the key rate;
development of standards aimed at increasing the efficiency of settlements within various payment systems;
modeling of economic processes that are a factor in state monetary policy.

By exercising financial control, the Bank of Russia encourages participants in monetary relations to comply with the requirements contained in the provisions of federal laws, as well as legal regulations issued by specific departments and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation itself.

Effective financial control of the Central Bank is one of the key factors in the successful implementation of the department’s noted functions, since many of the decisions made by the main bank of the state require correct implementation at the level of private financial institutions. The task of the Central Bank is to monitor how well the activities of banks correspond to this criterion.

Read about the results of such activities of the Central Bank in our “Bank” section.

Powers of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the field of non-credit financial relations

It will also be useful to consider such an important aspect as the implementation by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of financial control in business segments not related to credit relations. Until 2013, these control functions were performed by another agency - the Federal Service for Financial Markets. However, this structure was abolished, and the Central Bank received powers in the relevant area.

Non-credit financial relations are carried out in such areas as:

insurance business;
stocks and bods market;
mutual fund market;
market of non-state pension funds;
commodity exchanges;
market for credit bureau services;
housing cooperative market;
market of electronic payment systems;
microcredit market.

The activities of organizations belonging to the noted segments may require inspections for compliance not only with financial legislation, but also with civil and tax law. In this sense, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation may share powers to monitor the above structures with other competent financial control bodies , such as the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

Results

A number of government agencies are responsible for financial control in the Russian Federation - each within a certain financial sphere and certain powers. The leading role among them is assigned to control, accounting and control and audit structures, as well as the Central Bank. Control and audit structures include the Ministry of Finance, the Federal Tax Service and the Federal Treasury. Most regulatory structures at the federal level have analogues at the regional and municipal levels.

Condition monitoring economics, the development of socio-economic processes in society is an important area of management activity. One of the links in the control system is financial control. Its significance lies in facilitating the successful implementation of the state’s financial policy, ensuring the processes of formation and effective use of financial resources in all spheres and levels of the national economy. The role of financial control during the transition to a market increases many times over.

Financial control is a form of implementation of the control function of finance. It determines the purpose and content of financial control. At the same time, the content of control and its focus change depending on the level of development of the productive forces and production relations of society. Thus, the expansion of the economic rights of an enterprise, their independence in carrying out financial activities, the emergence of various organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship significantly enriches the content of financial control.

Financial control is a set of actions and operations to verify financial and related issues of the activities of business entities and management using specific forms and methods of its organization.

Financial control faces the following tasks:

– promoting a balance between the need for financial resources and the size of monetary income and national economic funds;

– ensuring timely and complete fulfillment of financial obligations to the state budget;

– identification of internal production reserves for the growth of financial resources, including reducing costs and increasing profitability;

– promoting the rational use of material assets and monetary resources in enterprises, organizations and budgetary institutions, as well as the correct maintenance of accounting and reporting;

– ensuring compliance with current legislation and regulations and others.

TYPES OF FINANCIAL CONTROL

Depending on the subjects exercising financial control, they distinguish: control of representative authorities and local self-government, control of executive authorities, control of financial and credit authorities, departmental, intra-economic, audit.

By type, financial control is divided into state, on-farm, public and independent (audit) financial control.

State financial control is implemented through national and departmental control. National financial control is carried out by state authorities and management bodies. It is aimed at objects subject to control regardless of their departmental subordination. Departmental financial control is carried out by the control and audit departments of ministries, concerns, management of executive committees of local authorities, etc. Its object is the production and financial activities of subordinate enterprises and institutions.

On-farm financial control is carried out by economic services of enterprises, organizations and institutions (accounting, financial departments, etc.). The object here is the production and financial activities of the enterprise itself, as well as its structural divisions (shops, sections, departments, branches).

Public financial control is carried out by groups and individual individuals (specialists) on a voluntary and free basis. The object of control depends on the specific task assigned to the inspectors.

Independent financial control is carried out by specialized audit firms and services.

FORMS OF FINANCIAL CONTROL

According to the forms of financial control, depending on the time of its implementation, it is divided into:

– preliminary;

– current;

– subsequent.

Preliminary financial control carried out at the stage of drawing up, reviewing and approving financial plans of enterprises, estimates of income and expenses of institutions and organizations, draft budgets, texts of contractual agreements, constituent documents, etc.

Current financial control carried out in the process of executing financial plans, during the implementation of economic and financial transactions, when compliance with the norms and standards for the expenditure of inventory and cash is checked.

Subsequent financial control carried out by analyzing and auditing financial statements at the end of the reporting period.

METHODS OF FINANCIAL CONTROL

According to the methods of financial control, i.e. methods and methods of its implementation, distinguished: inspections, surveys, supervision, analysis of financial activities, audits, observations (monitoring).

The audit is carried out on certain issues of financial and economic activity on the basis of reporting, balance sheet and expense documents. Violations of financial discipline are identified and measures are planned to eliminate their negative consequences.

The survey covers individual aspects of the activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions, but unlike inspections - on a wider range of indicators, and determines the financial position of economic entities, prospects for their development, the need for reorganization or reorientation of production.

Analysis as a method of financial control must be systematic and factor-based. It is carried out according to periodic or annual reporting. The level of plan implementation, compliance with spending standards, financial discipline, etc. are revealed.

An audit is one of the most important methods of financial control and is an examination of the financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations for the reporting period. Depending on the object, audits are divided into complete, partial, thematic and comprehensive. Moreover, they can be planned and unplanned.

Supervision is carried out by regulatory authorities over economic entities that have received a license for one or another type of financial activity, and presupposes their compliance with established rules and regulations.

Monitoring – constant monitoring by credit institutions over the use of the issued loan and the financial condition of the client enterprise; ineffective use of the loan received and a decrease in solvency can lead to tightening of lending conditions and a requirement for early repayment of the loan.

Financial control is an economic concept that can have a wide range of interpretations. Let's consider the most popular of them in the Russian expert community, and also study a number of the most important aspects of this type of control.

Concept of financial control

Under financial control means a procedure or a set of procedures aimed at assessing the compliance of the activities of a particular organization in the field of cash management with the standards established in legislative acts approved at various levels.

The term in question is often identified with the concept of financial audit. In some cases this is quite acceptable, but it should be understood that verification is only one of the possible methods financial control.

Along with checks financial control can be expressed as:

analysis;
examinations;
observations.

Let's study their specifics in more detail.

Basic methods of financial control: verification, analysis, survey, observation

The audit involves the implementation of measures aimed at identifying facts of violation by the organization of cash management standards. It is quite complex and may involve the use of a wide range of additional methods.

The essence of the second procedure that forms financial control or being an integral part of it - analysis - is to detect not only facts of violations in the financial management procedures of the enterprise, but also cause-and-effect relationships that determine possible deviations in the financial activities of the audited organization from established norms. Analysis within financial control characterized by consideration of financial management processes at an extremely low level and as localized as possible.

The survey, in turn, is not aimed at identifying facts of violation of financial management standards, but at a timely search for the reasons that determine them.

Observation is a “lighter” version of the survey, which involves identifying the causes of violations in financial management, however, not because of an focused search for them, as in the survey, but due to the fact that they become clearly noticeable during a general acquaintance with the activities of the object of control.

Let's look at a few simple examples of using certain methods financial control.

Example 1.Test and analysis method

The auditing firm “Partner” began to check the primary documents of Master LLC and discovered through verification that they were compiled using incorrect forms. Through analysis, it was revealed that the reason for this was the use of an outdated accounting program, which contained outdated forms.

Example 2.Examination method

The auditing firm "Investor" began to check the primary documents of Couturier LLC. Using a method of examining the infrastructure and software used by the company, it was revealed that an outdated accounting program was installed on the computers of the organization being inspected, as a result of which it became obvious that the primary forms created with its help were compiled incorrectly.

Example 3. Observation method

An expert from the auditing firm "Investor", having received the chief accounting PC of Pechatnik LLC, saw on the desktop of the operating system the icon of the accounting program in version 4.0, while version 12.0 of the program had long been relevant, and immediately notified the accounting department that The software is outdated, and the primary forms are therefore filled out incorrectly.

Basic functions of financial control

It will be useful to consider the key functions financial control as an economic institution. The following functions can be called key:

law enforcement;
preventive;
corrective;
analytical.

Regarding the first point, here financial control acts as a tool for identifying violations of legislation (budgetary, tax, administrative, civil, corporate). Thus, the inspection organization helps to protect the rights of those subjects who may suffer due to shortcomings made by the object of control in terms of compliance with the norms of the relevant branch of law.

In turn, as part of the preventive function financial control can prevent the consequences of violations of the law in these areas of law, if certain shortcomings made by the audited organization can be identified even before legally significant financial management actions are carried out by the relevant entity.

The corrective function involves the use financial control as a tool to stimulate the necessary changes in the financial resource management policy of the audited organization. The regulatory body identifies shortcomings in this area, after which the facility financial control takes measures to eliminate them and thus adjusts its financial management system.

Analytical function financial control involves identifying the causes and patterns that lead to violations by objects of control of legal norms regarding the management of financial resources.

Key tasks of financial control

The most important aspect of studying the specifics financial control— consideration of tasks specific to this activity. Experts divide tasks financial control into 2 main groups:

those related to ensuring the legality of the organization’s financial resource management procedures;
those related to the legal protection of interested parties related to the object financial control,- owners, managers, shareholders.

As for tasks of the first type, the key ones include checking:

correctness and integrity of cash and accounting documentation;
infrastructure of the financial management system in the organization;
competencies of specialists responsible for financial management;
compliance of actions related to financial management with legislative criteria in terms of deadlines, the use of certain forms, and the use of document exchange channels;
facts confirming the organization’s intended use of funds.

Among the key tasks financial control belonging to the second category:

checking and analyzing the elaboration and stability of the decision-making system for capital management in the organization;
analysis of algorithms for checking the quality of making relevant decisions;
assessment of the effectiveness of using financial resources in terms of the profitability of the company (if we are talking about a commercial structure) or minimizing costs (if we are considering the activities of a budgetary organization).

Let's consider another useful aspect financial control.

Economic importance of financial control

Economic significance financial control can be traced in such aspects as:

stimulating the desire of control objects to ensure the legality of financial management procedures;
optimization of the capital management structure in a commercial company or in a budgetary organization - as a result, increasing the efficiency of the relevant entities;
assistance in solving systemic economic problems of the state and society - from the point of view of the stability of tax payments to the budget of the state or municipality, ensuring employment of citizens, and the development of market relations.

Thus, the institute financial control is of great importance both for the state economy and for local economic systems—budgetary and commercial.

Having considered concept and meaning of financial control, we will study the specifics of its 2 large-scale varieties - state and municipal control.

The essence of state financial control in the Russian Federation

There are 2 main approaches to understanding government financial control.

Firstly, this can be understood as the activities of government agencies that carry out inspections of entities legally independent from the inspection body. These can be both government agencies and private ones.

In the first case, the peculiarity of the state financial control will consist in the fact that its subjects find out how the activities of the audited organization in managing mainly budgetary funds comply with established standards. But in cases where a budget organization carries out entrepreneurial activities (for example, if we are talking about an autonomous institution), the subject financial control there may also be management of extra-budgetary funds.

If the object of control is a private company, then the inspection may be related to the identification of violations of certain legal norms that are related to the commercial activities of the organization being inspected, for example, in terms of taxation and reporting.

Secondly, the state financial control can be carried out in relation to structures legally dependent on the inspection body. It involves checking the activities of any departmental unit or body as a whole by full-time specialists or those sent by a higher authority. In this case, we are most often talking about checking the efficiency of spending budget funds, but if commercial activities are envisaged for a particular government organization, then the correctness of its implementation is also examined as part of the audit.

State financial control may also be classified based on the scope of economic activity. For example, inspections can be tax, customs, monetary, etc.

State financial control is carried out mainly through inspections, that is, actions aimed at identifying facts of violation of the laws governing financial management. State inspections are divided into 2 categories—office and on-site.

Inspections of the first type involve the implementation by employees of the inspecting government agency of the necessary actions within the location of the relevant body. On-site inspections involve the implementation of the necessary actions at the location of the organization being inspected.

State financial control: main legal acts

Which sources of law from those existing in the Russian Federation regulate the state financial control? The main ones include:

Budget Code of the Russian Federation, in particular, Chapter 26;
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 25, 1996 No. 1095.

The first source of law determines:

types of state and municipal financial control carried out in the Russian Federation;
objects financial control;
methods financial control;
powers of bodies financial control;
specifics and sources of official document flow between subjects and objects of control.

Presidential Decree No. 1095 is in fact the only normative legal act adopted at the federal level that formalizes the institution of state financial control and defining the main organs that are its subjects. In particular, we are talking about such structures as the Accounts Chamber, the Central Bank, and the Ministry of Finance.

Note that Decree No. 1095 establishes that the state financial control can be carried out by any bodies competent in matters of receipt and expenditure of funds within the national budget system.

State control: the essence of regulations and instructions

The peculiarity of state inspections is that, based on their results, employees of the inspection authority draw up an act, in accordance with which to the organization that is the target financial control, a resolution or order may be sent.

What are their features?

In accordance with clause 2 of Article 270.2 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, a presentation should be understood as a document issued by an authority financial control, which reflects:

information about violations of budget legislation and other regulations relating to budget processes, which the audited company must review within 30 days or the period specified in the document;
requirements for the audited organization to take measures to eliminate identified deficiencies, as well as the causes and conditions that influenced their occurrence.

In accordance with clause 3 of Article 270.2 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, an order is understood as a source that records requirements for the organization to eliminate violations of budget law, as well as, if this is assumed from the results of the inspection, requirements for the company to compensate for damage to the state caused by the object of the inspection due to violations of budget legislation.

If the inspected organization does not comply with the order of the state control body regarding compensation for damage, then the corresponding inspection structure has the right to go to court with a claim for compensation - these are the provisions of clause 4 of Article 270.2 of the RF Budget Code.

Specifics of municipal financial control in the Russian Federation

Quite close to the concept of state discussed above financial control is municipal control. In principle, the difference between them comes down mainly to the fact that, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, state power is separated from local power, and the corresponding financial control institutions are characterized by legal independence.

The main difference between municipal financial control from the state, therefore, is the level of performance of their functions by inspection organizations, as well as the method of establishing the relevant bodies. Government structures are formed with the participation of authorities at the federal or regional level. Municipal structures, in turn, are formed by local authorities, and they, as a rule, are not accountable to the state ones. However, their activities are based on the provisions of local legal acts, which should not contradict regional or federal sources of law. In this sense, there is some subordination between state and municipal entities financial control can still be traced.

From the point of view of the methods used, as well as the specifics of interaction between legally dependent or independent entities, the work of municipal inspection structures is generally similar to the activities of government agencies. Also, as in the case of inspections of government agencies, the bodies carrying out financial control in municipalities, formulate acts, issue resolutions or instructions. Their inspections are also divided into desk and on-site inspections.

As a rule, the bodies implementing financial control at the local government level, have a smaller range of powers compared to state ones. In principle, the jurisdiction of municipal inspectors rarely extends to legally independent entities—as a rule, only in cases where it is necessary to check how the municipal budget is spent.

It may also be noted that usually government agencies financial control are formed strictly vertically - the relevant departments are approved at the federal level, after which their territorial divisions are opened in the regions. Municipal authorities in the Russian Federation can, in turn, approve their own departments responsible for financial control, as well as actively contact external control subjects, such as, for example, auditors, public groups, NPOs.

In accordance with Art. 10 “Structure of the budget system of the Russian Federation” of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the budget system consists of budgets of three levels:

The Budget Code of the Russian Federation establishes a unified budget system. Along with unity, it is based on the principles of differentiation of income and expenses between levels of the budget system, as well as the independence of budgets. In accordance with this, at each budget level there are systems of bodies with budgetary powers.

Finance represents economic relations associated with the formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds in order to perform the functions and tasks of the state and the reproductive functions of enterprises in ensuring conditions for expanded reproduction.

As an instrument for the formation and use of cash income, finance performs the following functions:

It is clear that they are of great importance in the process of reproduction and solving the social problems of the state.

The basis of the financial control process is the analysis of an object or phenomenon in order to study the patterns of its occurrence, development and transformation, and the effectiveness of its use in all areas of economic activity.

State financial control covers both the public sector of the economy and business activities and functions through inspections of tax calculations, the implementation of government orders by organizations, the procedure for the provision and return of subsidies, grants, loans, as well as applied tax benefits.

The object of control is the process of financial and economic activity of subjects of market relations, i.e. the sphere of monetary relations between the state and legal entities and individuals, the sphere of the budget process, redistribution of income and receipts and effective use.

Financial control functions include:

analysis - includes a range of actions to analyze and study the implementation of current legislation regarding the use of state budget funds; identifying deviations in the formation of income and expenses of a financial entity; deviations in the sphere of financial activities of state institutions (ministries, departments, other bodies); analysis of the causes of deviations (investigation of the facts that led to this or that deviation, identification of those responsible);

adjustment - includes the development of proposals to eliminate identified violations of the financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations, other subjects of control;

preventive function - consists of developing measures to prevent violations, strengthen financial discipline, increase the efficiency of financial control, improve control work, develop new methods and methods of control based on materials summarizing the results of inspections.

In modern conditions, the priority direction is the preventive function aimed at preventing violations and abuses, improving the means of preventing violations, promptly responding to unlawful behavior in order to prevent possible violations and abuses, suppressing these actions, and identifying the perpetrators.

The implementation of financial control at an enterprise is also associated with the detection of deviations from accepted standards and violations of the principles of legality, efficiency and economy in the expenditure of material resources at the earliest possible stage.

This makes it possible to take corrective measures, bring those responsible to justice, receive compensation for the damage caused, and implement measures aimed at preventing such violations in the future.

Thus, summarizing all of the above, it should be noted that financial control performs the function of managing and regulating all financial relationships in the state between its institutions, bodies, and financial entities. Its elements such as the subject of control, the object of control, the subject of control, principles of control, method (methodology) of control, equipment and technology of control, decision-making based on the results of control, assessment of the effectiveness of control, determine the mechanism of financial control.

Components of financial control

The procedure for reflecting income received from transactions with financial investments, the procedure for reflecting the excess of the purchase price of securities over their face value and vice versa are checked. It is necessary to check the procedure for redemption of securities, to ensure that on the redemption date their value on the balance sheet is equal to their nominal value.

When monitoring financial investment operations, special attention is paid to the economic efficiency of the investments made, i.e., they study the criteria that influenced the decision on financial investments. It is necessary to know the specifics of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise in whose activities investments are made, i.e., officials of the organization are obliged to carefully work out the issues of financial investments, the expected amount of profit and the amount of participation in other enterprises, and work out all contractual issues.

The controller must make sure that these operations did not cover up other transactions and motives, i.e., there was no artificial diversion of enterprise funds for the purpose of obtaining income illegally by individuals through another company.

When monitoring financial investments in other organizations, it is necessary to check agreements on joint activities, the purpose of creating such activities, the procedure for recording joint operations (who keeps records, is separate accounting of common affairs and operations of the participant entrusted with keeping records of transactions in joint activities organized), the procedure for paying taxes on income from financial investment transactions.

When checking operations on granted loans, accounting statements and other calculations are subject to control to assess their discounted value in accordance with PBU 19/02, and the calculation of the initial cost of the disposed object in the order of assignment of the right of claim is checked.

The procedure for creating a reserve for the depreciation of securities and the procedure for revaluing securities regularly listed on stock exchanges are controlled. This revaluation must comply with current legislation (Resolution of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market dated November 27, 1997 No. 40 “On approval of the Rules for reflecting certain transactions with securities by professional participants in the securities market and investment funds in the accounting records”).

They check the procedure for transactions with bills, bonds, certificates, futures, options, etc.

All securities must be accounted for in off-balance sheet account 004 “Strict reporting forms” at par value and registered by type in a special journal.

Basic requirements for organizing intra-company financial control

The main principles of intra-company financial control are:

To reduce the risk of unsatisfactory performance of inspectors, management is required to regularly review them to determine the effectiveness of their work and the accuracy of correction of errors.

In large companies, the potential benefits of regular financial controls often outweigh the cost of creating an internal audit department.

An important control criterion is to reduce potential losses. The control system is designed to help enterprise managers in matters of:

choosing between various alternative actions, planning actions to be taken within a certain period of time;

identifying errors of specific performers. They may consist in establishing unrealistic plans in the presence of accurate forecasts or in failure to carry out those actions that must be taken to implement specific marketing, investment and other decisions;

taking actions that could correct mistakes and consolidate success.

The key elements of the control system are:

objects of control - budgets of structural divisions;

subjects of control - individual budget indicators (compliance with wage fund limits, costs of raw materials, energy, etc.);

subjects of control - structural divisions and economic services of the enterprise;

methods of budget control - implementation of procedures necessary to determine deviations of actual budget indicators from planned ones in absolute amounts.

Control over the implementation of the revenue side of the enterprise's consolidated budget is intended to ensure uninterrupted financing of its operating (current) and investment activities. This control is carried out by the financial service.

Control over compliance with the expenditure side of the enterprise's consolidated budget is an important problem, the solution of which determines the efficiency of the enterprise's economic and financial activities. To successfully solve this problem, it is recommended to establish a clear procedure for carrying out management procedures, which ensures:

operational analysis of actual deviations from the planned functional and consolidated budgets (per month, quarter);

development of measures to eliminate unproductive expenses and losses, as well as cost-increasing factors identified during the analysis;

registration and provision of analytical materials to the management of the enterprise on the implementation of comprehensive and functional budgets in order to adjust their income and expenditure parts.

It is advisable for each enterprise to create and implement a component automated budget planning system (based on a local computer network), which will help to quickly (daily) receive information on budget execution and timely make adjustments to income and expenditure in order to improve the efficiency of financial management of business entities.

An important element of intra-company control, along with budgetary control, is the financial analysis of the enterprise’s financial statements, which includes:

After moving to a qualitatively new level of planning and control, enterprises should become more attractive and open to investors, creditors and other partners, which will expand their financial capabilities to expand production.

Types and system of financial control supervisory bodies

Its purpose is to monitor the cost proportions of the distribution of the tax national product, controlling all channels of cash flows that are in one way or another connected with the formation of public financial resources (the completeness and timeliness of their receipt, as well as their intended use).

In accordance with Russian legislation, state financial control includes control over the execution of the federal budget and the budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds, monetary circulation organizations, the use of credit resources, the state of state internal and external debt, state reserves, and the provision of financial and tax benefits.

Financial control of state organizations is control over the development, approval and execution of budgets at all levels and extra-budgetary funds, as well as control over the financial activities of state enterprises and institutions, banks and financial corporations. Operational control is entrusted to the following government bodies - the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, the Ministry of Finance; analysis, through which the level of collection of tax and non-tax budget revenues, timely and targeted financing of federal, regional and local programs, the size of the budget deficit and sources of covering it are determined, is given assessment of the current budget legislation, issues of regulation and stimulation of the social-tax mechanism are explored. Operational control prevents possible abuses when receiving and spending funds, promotes compliance with financial discipline and timeliness of cash payments.

The activities of state control bodies include the control activities of representative authorities, as well as the President of the Russian Federation. Such control is carried out when considering and adopting laws and, above all, when considering and approving draft federal and lower budgets, budgets of state and local extra-budgetary funds, as well as when approving reports on their implementation. The State Duma Committees of the Russian Federation on Budget and Taxes, Finance and Banking and the corresponding subcommittees conduct expert and analytical work on financial issues, give opinions on the draft federal budget, and evaluate legislative proposals on taxation, banking and other types of financial activities.

The concept of financial control of the non-state sphere of the economy and citizens by the state affects the sphere of compliance with financial discipline, i.e. fulfillment of the following monetary obligations to the state:

payment of taxes and other obligatory payments;

compliance with the rules established by law for organizing cash payments, maintaining records and reporting.

The activities of financial control bodies are regulated by letter of the Federal Agency for Federal Property Management dated November 10, 2005 No. 09-2/1773 “On the State Financial Control Body.”

Classification of financial controls

Financial control is divided into preliminary, current (operational), and subsequent according to the time it is carried out.

Preliminary financial control is carried out before financial transactions are carried out and is designed to prevent financial violations. It provides for an assessment of the financial feasibility of planned expenses to prevent wasteful and ineffective spending of funds. At the macro level, such control is carried out in the process of drawing up and approving budgets of all levels and financial plans of extra-budgetary funds based on the forecast of macroeconomic indicators of the country's economic development; at the micro level - in the process of developing financial plans and estimates, credit and cash applications, financial sections of business plans, drawing up forecast balances, agreements on joint activities, etc. Current (operational) financial control is carried out at the time of making monetary transactions, financial transactions , issuing loans and subsidies. It prevents possible abuses when receiving and spending funds, promotes financial discipline and timely execution of cash payments. Accounting services play a big role here. Subsequent financial control, carried out through audit and analysis of reported budgetary, financial and accounting documentation, is designed to evaluate the results of financial activities from the point of view of legality and efficiency at both the macro and micro levels.

Methods of financial control. The following control methods are distinguished:

documentary and desk audits (during the audit process, individual issues of financial activity are considered on the basis of reporting documentation and expenditure documents and measures are outlined to eliminate identified violations);

survey (covers a wider range of financial and economic indicators of the economic entity being surveyed to determine its financial condition and possible development prospects);

supervision (carried out by regulatory authorities over economic entities that have received a license for one or another type of financial activity, and presupposes their compliance with established rules and regulations; non-compliance with regulations, leading to bankruptcy and infringement of the interests of clients, entails revocation of the license);

analysis of financial condition (as a type of financial control involves a detailed study of quarterly or annual financial and accounting statements for the purpose of a general assessment of the results of financial activity and liquidity, the provision of equity capital and the efficiency of its use);

surveillance (monitoring) (constant control by the lender over the use of the loan issued and the financial condition of the client, ineffective use of the loan received and a decrease in liquidity can lead to tightening of lending conditions or a requirement for long-term repayment of the loan);

audits (inspection of the financial and economic activities of an economic entity in order to verify its legality, correctness, expediency, and effectiveness).

Audits are carried out both by internal control structures and by various state and non-state control bodies (Department of Financial Control and Audit of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Treasury, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, audit services). The results of the audit are documented in an act, on the basis of which measures are taken to eliminate violations, compensate for material damage and bring those responsible to justice.