Single class hour, National Unity Day presentation. Presentation for primary classes "National Unity Day"
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National Unity Day The Russkoe Slovo publishing house offers you a presentation that can be used in history lessons and class hours dedicated to the popularization of public holidays of the Russian Federation.Slide 2
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On November 4, 1612, through the combined efforts of the people's militias, Kitay-Gorod was liberated from the Polish invaders during fierce battles. After this, their Kremlin garrison surrendered, and Moscow was finally liberated from its enemies. E.E. Lissner. "The expulsion of the Poles from the Kremlin"
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The Time of Troubles began with the suppression of the Rurik dynasty on the Russian throne: in 1581 - Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible inadvertently kills his eldest son Ivan; in 1584 - he dies, his middle son Fedor becomes king; in 1591 - his youngest son Dmitry dies as a result of an accident; in 1598, Tsar Fedor dies without leaving an heir. Rice. from left to right: I.E. Repin “Tsar Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”, “Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich” (engraving of the early 19th century), “Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich” (parsuna of the 17th century)
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In 1598, the Zemsky Sobor, a meeting of elected representatives from the Russian estates, elected Boris Fedorovich Godunov, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich’s closest assistant, as Tsar. But his reign was unsuccessful. I'm not happy. I thought to calm my people in contentment, in glory, to win their love with generosity - But I put aside empty care: Living power is hateful for the mob. They know how to love only the dead - We are mad when the people's splash Or an angry cry disturbs our heart! God sent a famine to our land, the people howled, perishing in torment; I opened the granaries for them, I scattered gold for them, I found work for them - They cursed me in a rage! The fire destroyed their houses, I built them new homes. They reproached me with fire! Here is the mob's judgment: seek her love. A.S. Pushkin “Boris Godunov” Fig. Election of Boris Godunov to the throne. 19th century engraving
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The Kingdom of Poland tried to take advantage of popular discontent with the rule of Boris Godunov. In 1604, the former monk Grigory Otrepyev claimed his right to the Russian throne, posing as the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry. At first, the mercenary detachments of False Dmitry, collected with Polish money, suffered defeats from Russian troops. But in 1605 Tsar Boris died. His son Fedor became the new king. He was only 16 years old. He did not enjoy authority. Many Russians believed the Pretender. False Dmitry easily seized the royal throne. Fyodor Godunov was killed. Fig. above: “False Dmitry I” Engraving of the 17th century. Fig. below: K.E. Makovsky “The murder of Fyodor Godunov by agents of False Dmitry”
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The fate of False Dmitry I The atrocities of Polish mercenaries in Moscow turned the townspeople against False Dmitry. The boyars took advantage of this, and in 1606 the Pretender was overthrown and killed. The Zemsky Sobor elected Prince Vasily Shuisky as Russian Tsar. Rice. from left to right: “Polish horsemen” (fig. 17th century), “Death of False Dmitry I” (engraving of the 19th century), “Tsar Vasily Shuisky” (miniature of the 17th century)
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Residents of the western and southern regions of Russia refused to recognize Vasily Shuisky as the legitimate king and began to fight with him. First, Moscow was besieged by troops under the command of Ivan Bolotnikov. Vasily Shuisky’s troops had difficulty coping with them. But then False Dmitry II appeared and organized the Tushino camp near Moscow, from where he tried to rule Russia. Detachments of Tushinites scattered throughout Russia. There were especially many of them in the Novgorod land. To fight them, Vasily Shuisky asked Sweden for help. Rice. from left to right: E.E. Lissner “Bolotnikovites”, “False Dmitry II” (17th century engraving)
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War with Poland Poland was at war with Sweden. The Polish king Sigismund III declared war on Russia and in 1609 besieged Smolensk. The defense of Smolensk was led by boyar Mikhail Shein. Rice. by the hour. arrow: “Polish King Sigismund III” (engraving of the 17th century), “Boyar Mikhail Shein” (drawing of our time), “Siege of Smolensk. 1609-1611." (17th century engraving)
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The defeat of the Tushino camp Sigismund III ordered the Poles who were in the Tushino camp to leave it and go to Smolensk, which weakened the army of False Dmitry II. Russian troops under the command of Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky in 1610 were finally able to defeat the Tushins and lift the siege from Moscow. The impostor fled to Kaluga. Fig. above: “M.V. Skopin-Shuisky” (parsuna of the 17th century) Fig. below: S.V. Ivanov “Camp of the impostor”
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In the spring of 1610, shortly after the defeat of the Tushino camp, Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky died. At this time, the Polish army moved towards Moscow from near Smolensk. From Kaluga, False Dmitry II approached Moscow. In the summer of 1610, the Poles managed to defeat the Russian army in a battle near the village of Klushina. After this, the boyars overthrew Vasily Shuisky and formed their own government - the Seven Boyars. It was headed by Prince Fyodor Mstislavsky. Rice. J. Matejko “Presentation of the captive Tsar Vasily Shuisky to Sigismund III”
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The Seven Boyars could not fight simultaneously with the Poles and False Dmitry II. The Seven Boyars entered into an agreement with the Polish king Sigismund III to invite his son Vladislav to the Russian throne, subject to his conversion to Orthodoxy. Polish troops occupied Moscow under the pretext of protecting it from False Dmitry II. False Dmitry withdrew his troops to Kaluga. Rice. top: Korolevich Vladislav. (17th century engraving) Fig. below: Moscow boyars. (16th century engraving)
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The Poles began to rob residents in Moscow and desecrate Orthodox churches. Patriarch Hermogenes, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, called on the Russian people to resist. For this, the Poles threw him into prison at the Kremlin Chudov Monastery. Meanwhile, False Dmitry was killed. Fig. P. P. Chistyakov “Patriarch Hermogenes refuses the Poles to sign the letter”
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The appeal of Patriarch Hermogenes led to the creation of the first people's militia. It included residents of the Oka and Volga cities, former Tushino residents. The first militia was led by the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy. In the spring of 1611, the militia drove the Poles out of Moscow's White City. In the summer of 1611, conflicts began between the Tushins and the rest of the militia. Voivode Lyapunov was killed. The militia disintegrated. Rice. unknown thin "Siege by Kremlin militias"
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The atrocities of foreign invaders and former Tushins continued. The Swedes, under the pretext of inviting Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne, captured Novgorod. The Poles captured Smolensk and Moscow. False Dmitry III appeared in Pskov. Rice. “Siege of Novgorod by the Swedes. 1611 (Detail of a 17th century icon) In April 1612, a patriotic government was created in Yaroslavl - the “Council of the Whole Land.” In the summer of 1612, the “Council of the Whole Land” sent a people’s militia under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to liberate Moscow. On November 4, 1612, after long heavy battles, the Poles abandoned Moscow's Kitay-Gorod, and on November 7, their Kremlin garrison surrendered. Rice. from left to right: M.I. Scotti “Minin and Pozharsky”, E.E. Lissner “Expulsion of the Poles from the Moscow Kremlin” Slide 21
After the liberation of Moscow, the “Council of the Whole Earth” gathered in the capital the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new tsar. There were several contenders for the Russian throne. Among them are princes Fyodor Mstislavsky, Dmitry Trubetskoy, Dmitry Pozharsky and others. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne. He was a relative of Anastasia Romanova, the first wife of Ivan IV the Terrible and the mother of the last Russian Tsar from the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich. Rice. top: “Zemsky 1613” (miniature of the 17th century) Fig. below: A.D. Kivshenko “The First Romanov”
Thank you for your attention Authors: Morozova L.E. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, senior researcher at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Agafonov S.V. – methodologist of the publishing house “Russkoe Slovo”, teacher at school No. 1262 in Moscow
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The presentation on the topic "November 4 - National Unity Day" can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Holidays. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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The beginning of the Time of Troubles
The beginning of the Time of Troubles in Rus' is considered to be the death of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty - Fyodor Ivanovich. He died on January 6, 1598, leaving no heirs. His younger brother Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich on May 15, 1591. The prince's relatives blamed Boris Godunov for his death. But the facts indicate that he was not involved in what happened.
Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Portrait from the Titular Book. XVII century
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Tsar Boris Godunov 1598-1605
After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, with the support of Patriarch Job, Irina’s (Fyodor’s wife) brother Boris was elected to the throne. The Boyar Duma was against it. The matter was decided by the dowager queen. “The time has come for you to be clothed in royal purple,” read her decree. Only after this Godunov entered the royal chambers.
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Early 17th century
During his short reign, Boris Godunov did a lot for Russia. In 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally defeated and Rus' advanced from the Irtysh and Ob to the Yenisei. Good neighborly relations were established with the Crimea. In 1601, a twenty-year truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The attachment of peasants to the land contributed to the development of agriculture. Powerful fortresses and cathedrals were built. The port in Arkhangelsk came into operation. But his reign witnessed the most severe natural disaster the country has experienced in the last thousand years.
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Winters in 1601-1602 were long and snowy. In the summer it rained for weeks, and sometimes it snowed. Winter crops died under the snow, spring grains rotted on the vine. At the beginning of 1603, bread prices rose 18 times, money was rapidly losing value, and there were no more reserves. The hungry flocked to the capital in droves, but they no longer received help. In large cities, all cats and dogs were eaten, and there were cases of cannibalism. People were dying of hunger right on the streets. In Moscow, 127 thousand people were buried in just three mass graves, mostly those who came to the capital in the hope of salvation. Muscovites were buried, as a rule, in church cemeteries, and how many of them were buried in the ground is not even counted. Contemporaries believed that a third of the kingdom of Moscow had died out. Robberies became more frequent, and special detachments under the command of experienced commanders had to be sent to fight them. The next year was easier at first, but few people had any grain left to sow. Still, bread prices have dropped slightly. But later the disaster repeated itself - again continuous rains and early frosts. The chronicle reports that “in Moscow in the middle of the summer great snow fell and there was frost, we rode in sleighs.” This means that the snow lay for at least two or three days. By this time, bread had already risen in price 25 times.
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The first impostor.
It was at this time that a man appeared in Lithuania, calling himself the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry (he went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I), allegedly miraculously avoiding death and hiding in monasteries for many years. He was well educated, knew court etiquette, many secrets of the Moscow court and details of the events in Uglich. Some believed him, others pretended to believe him. The Polish princes, who were not satisfied with the peace with Russia, decided to take the opportunity and help Dmitry (False Dmitry) ascend to the Moscow throne
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Marina Mnishek The impostor's invasion of Russia
In exchange for support, False Dmitry agreed to fulfill a number of conditions. He promised to pay Mnishek a million gold pieces, marry his daughter Marina and give her Pskov and Novgorod as an inheritance, the king - part of the Russian lands, and the Jesuits - to convert Rus' to Catholicism. In the fall of 1604, the army of False Dmitry (about two thousand mercenaries) invaded Russia. Many western, and especially southern cities and villages support the impostor and stand under his banner. Dissatisfaction with the policies of Boris Godunov is brewing in the country. In the spring of 1605, government troops completely lost their combat effectiveness. In the last weeks before his death, Boris increasingly fell into doubt, almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe that Dmitry was alive or that he had died. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died
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The end of the Godunovs
Three days after the death of Boris Godunov, Moscow swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich. The largest cities of Russia - Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, as well as Pomorie and Siberia - also swore the oath. Perhaps Fyodor would have become a good sovereign. He received an excellent education and had obvious abilities. But he was the grandson of Malyuta Skuratov, and this doomed him to death. In May 1605, first in the tsar's army, and then in Moscow, a rebellion began. A countless crowd gathered on Red Square and broke into the Kremlin. The tsar managed to hide, but at first they didn’t look for him - people rushed to rob the royal mansions, the Godunovs’ courtyards (and other rich courtyards). There were no murders, but there were also casualties: the crowd destroyed the wine cellars, and about 50 people drank themselves to death. By noon the unrest had subsided - Muscovites did not know what to do next. Later, the king and his mother were discovered and placed under house arrest. On June 3, the boyars went to Serpukhov to bow to the impostor. He announced that he would not enter Moscow until Fyodor Godunov and his mother were destroyed. The boyars fulfill the demand. Mother and son were strangled and their bodies were displayed in the square. The body of Boris Godunov was removed from the tomb of the Archangel Cathedral and put up for desecration. “And they threw stones at him, and kicked his body, which was prostrate and lying on the ground,” the chronicle reports.
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Reign of False Dmitry I
On June 20, 1605, the “royal” train, accompanied by armed Polish warriors and Cossacks, entered Moscow. The capital greeted him with the ringing of bells. The crowd that filled the streets of the city roared: “God grant you health, sir!” The 11-month reign of the impostor began. In an effort to strengthen his position, the impostor placed his protege, the Greek Ignatius, on the patriarchal throne. He also tried to put an end to the resistance of the boyars. The influential boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who tried to expose the impostor and claimed that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich, was captured following a denunciation. The executioner had already led Shuisky to the place of execution, but at the last moment False Dmitry pardoned him. The execution was replaced by exile. To put an end to rumors of imposture, False Dmitry summoned Maria Naguya to the capital. On July 17, 1605, near the village of Taininskoye near Moscow, the impostor and Maria Nagaya “recognized” each other. The naked woman was showered with gifts. Her relatives from now on sat in the Boyar Duma above the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, who were very annoyed. A few days after meeting with his “mother,” False Dmitry was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. “I have two ways to maintain my kingdom,” the impostor told his friends, “one way is to be a tyrant, the other is to spare no expense in order to reward; it’s better to have a model to favor...” Indeed, one gets the impression that False Dmitry tried to please all segments of the population. And the most incredible rumors circulated around Moscow. Someone saw Boris Godunov alive. Someone claimed that “Tsarevich Peter” appeared among the Don Cossacks - the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Fyodor Ioannovich, as you remember, died childless). On the Terek, the Cossacks actually recognized a certain Ileika Gorchakov (Muromets) as “Tsarevich Peter”. “Tsarevich Peter” wrote to False Dmitry, demanding “the throne of his father,” and fought in the South of the towns where the governors appointed by the “tsar” sat. The upcoming wedding of the Tsar with Marina Mnishek added fuel to the fire. Despite their love for False Dmitry, the people called his bride nothing less than a heretic
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Death of the impostor
By the spring of 1606, a conspiracy had matured in Moscow to overthrow the impostor. At the head of the conspiracy were Ivan and Vasily Golitsyn, Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, Mikhail Tatishchev. The conspirators, in order not to quarrel, were ready to invite a “neutral” contender to the throne, for example, the son of Sigismund III Wladyslaw, subject to the support of the conspiracy by the Polish monarch. At dawn on May 17, the conspirators began to implement their plans. Two hundred boyars and nobles under the leadership of the Shuiskys and Golitsyns entered the Kremlin. There was a changing of the guard, and there were no more than 30 guards in the palace. The Duma clerk Osipov undertook to kill the Tsar. But before he had time to shout swear words to False Dmitry, he was hacked to death. In Moscow, meanwhile, the bells were already ringing with might and main. People screaming “The Kremlin is burning!” ran to Red Square. The Poles, sensing something was wrong, grabbed their weapons and also rushed to the Kremlin. “Lithuania wants to beat the Tsar and the boyars! Don't let them into the Kremlin!” - Shuisky’s people shouted, and the Poles were pushed back. One of the conspirators shot at False Dmitry. The others attacked the wounded man and cut him to death. The dead man was torn off his royal clothes and dragged out of the Kremlin by his feet. The corpse was shown to Maria Naked, and the frightened old woman renounced her “son.” The body of the impostor was put on public display at Lobnoye Mesto. A pipe was inserted into the dead man’s mouth, and a masquerade mask, which the “pagan Grishka” allegedly worshiped, was thrown onto the ripped open stomach. People crowded around him day and night. Many people cried sincerely. A few days later, the body of the “tsar” was tied to a horse and taken out of the capital to be burned in an amusing fortress near Moscow.
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Vasily Shuisky
The murder of False Dmitry opened the way to the throne for Vasily Shuisky. On May 19, 1606, his supporters gathered the servicemen and merchants who were in Moscow for a kind of Zemsky Sobor. It was decided to elect a king at the Place of Execution in the presence of “all the people.” Vasily Shuisky was brought out to the crowd and shouted: “Is Shuisky, a sufferer for Orthodoxy, worthy to reign?” The people, bribed by the Shuiskys, shouted in approval, captivating the rest of the people with their example. The new king took the oath to his subjects. In the “cross-kissing record” he promised: not to place disgraces on anyone “without guilt”; do not take away estates from anyone without trial; do not take away property and yards from the wives, children and other relatives of the disgraced. The Boyar Duma was declared the highest judicial authority. Only she could condemn a noble man to death. The tsar could execute “black people” at his own discretion, “without the boyars,” but he promised not to listen to slander and to punish false witnesses..
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Civil War
With the election of Vasily Shuisky as tsar, the turmoil did not end. In 1606-1607, an uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. It covered a huge area. The ranks of the rebels were varied, and their goals were different. The boyars were looking for ranks, power, and service people were looking for estates with serfs. Fugitives, slaves and peasants were waiting for freedom, mitigation of taxes, quitrents and other duties. The goal of the rebels was to free Moscow from the “traitor Vasily Shuisky”. In October 1606 The rebels defeated the enemy near the village of Troitskoye and occupied Kolomenskoye. The path to Moscow was open. With generous gifts, Shuisky lured the noble regiments of Lyapunov and Pashkov to his side. In October 1607 The uprising was suppressed.
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Tushino thief
In the spring of 1607, a new self-proclaimed Dmitry appeared in Belarus (he went down in history as False Dmitry II, or the Tushino thief). Apparently, the calls of Bolotnikov and “Peter Fedorovich” to send at least someone who could be passed off as Tsar Dmitry had an effect. But the sovereign was found to be some kind of inferior one. It is believed that the role of False Dmitry II was played by a wandering teacher who, out of poverty, served in a priest’s house in Mogilev. Gathering an army of Zaporozhye Cossacks and Polish nobles, False Dmitry moved towards the center of Russia. In the summer, he camped near the northwestern walls of the capital in Tushino. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, legends circulated about the generosity of the impostor. The Lithuanian magnate Jan Sapieha with mercenaries moved to False Dmitry and besieged the rich Trinity-Sergius Monastery (the siege lasted 16 months). False Dmitry II was recognized as her husband by Marina Mnishek. The province initially swore allegiance to the impostor. But False Dmitry allocated volosts for feeding the Polish companies and Cossack hundreds. Bread, belongings, horses were taken from the unfortunate residents, and great violence was committed. Faith in “good Dmitry” wavered. The population began to resist the Tushins.
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Lifting the siege from Moscow
Besieged Moscow endured cold, disease, and hunger. The people were seething. Shuisky's opponents in the capital were preparing a palace coup. Meanwhile, Moscow decided to resort to the help of Sweden, especially since the Swedish king Charles IX had repeatedly offered it. An agreement was concluded with the Swedes. A detachment of Swedish mercenaries (5 thousand people) who arrived in Novgorod, together with Russian warriors, set out on a campaign under the leadership of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Skopin's army defeated the Tushins near Tver and lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. On March 13, 1610, Skopin solemnly entered the capital. Skopin's victories caused panic among Tushino residents. False Dmitry fled to Kaluga. The Tushino camp collapsed. Meanwhile, Sigismund III, dissatisfied with Russia's treaty with Poland's enemy Sweden, broke the truce and started a war, besieging Smolensk (June - September 1609). Moscow honored Skopin with endless feasts. This made the king’s brother Dmitry Shuisky furious, believing that his nephew wanted to take the throne from him (Tsar Vasily had no children). At a feast at the Vorotynskys, Skopin suddenly became ill; after wandering around in delirium for two weeks, the 24-year-old governor died. In June 1610, a Polish army led by Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski approached Moscow. Dmitry Shuisky stepped forward to meet him. On June 24, 1610, he was defeated in the battle of Klushino. Tsar Vasily lost his army. His days were numbered.
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Seven Boyars
July 17, 1610 Moscow rebelled. Tsar Vasily was deposed. On the same day he was forcibly tonsured a monk. (Subsequently, the Poles took Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky to Poland, where the older brothers soon died.) They decided to choose a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor - a congress of representatives of “the whole earth.” In the meantime, power passed to the Boyar Duma of seven boyars. This government went down in history under the name “Seven Boyars”. Meanwhile, Hetman Zholkiewski and False Dmitry II were advancing on Moscow with the Cossacks of Dmitry Trubetskoy and the “Lithuanian people” of Jan Sapieha. The idea of inviting Vladislav to the Russian throne first arose among the Tushino boyars. In February 1610, they even entered into an agreement with Sigismund III that at the end of the Time of Troubles, Vladislav would become the Russian Tsar. On August 16, 1610, the Seven Boyars signed an agreement with Zholkiewski, similar to the agreement between the Tushino people and Sigismund. Russia remained an independent state. The Tsar had to rule in consultation with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. It was specifically stipulated that the prince would convert to the Orthodox faith. A “great embassy” headed by Filaret Romanov and Vasily Golitsyn left Moscow for Smolensk. But it was not possible to come to an agreement with Sigismund. The king did not agree to his son changing his faith and demanded the surrender of Smolensk. Romanov and Golitsyn firmly stood their ground. Negotiations have reached a dead end. The king turned the ambassadors into hostages and on November 21 began a new assault on Smolensk.
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First militia
The people did not take well the news of Vladislav's election. The authority of the “Tushino thief” began to grow again. The Seven Boyars, fearing a popular revolt in favor of False Dmitry, introduced a Polish garrison into the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. The capital was virtually occupied. The Polish governor Alexander Gonsevsky became its sovereign master. On December 11, 1610, not far from Kaluga, the head of the personal guard of False Dmitry II, Tatar Prince Pyotr Urusov, shot the impostor with a gun, and then cut off his head. The remnants of the Tushin troops were led by Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky. In February-March 1611 All patriotic forces united with the goal of expelling the Poles from Moscow. The Ryazan land became the center of unification. The first militia was formed here. In the spring of 1611 An advanced detachment of militias led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the capital. The Poles were forced to retreat. Then they set the city on fire and took refuge behind the stone Chinese city wall. Wooden Moscow was engulfed in fire. Residents fled the capital. The last to leave Moscow were the warriors of Dmitry Pozharsky, taking away their seriously wounded commander. The empty capital burned for another two days. On June 3, 1611, the battle for Smolensk ended. It lasted more than 20 months. Events developed like this. (message)
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Minin and Pozharsky
By the fall of 1611, Russia ceased to exist as a single state. A significant part of the territory, including Moscow, was captured by the Poles. Numerous impostors operated in the south. The Novgorod land came under Swedish rule. The situation in the northeast of the country remained more or less stable. Local nobles and townspeople ruled here - the zemshchina; they formed the so-called “second militia”. It all started with the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma had a vision. The Monk Sergius appeared to him, ordered him to collect a “treasury” for military needs and ordered him to “cleanse” the Moscow state. Minin realized that the Lord himself was protecting him. Winter was spent preparing troops and difficult negotiations with the Cossacks, who were still besieging Moscow. Zarutsky already considered himself a ruler and was not going to take into account the interests of the zemshchina. He twice sent assassins to Pozharsky and did not allow warriors from the southern cities into the location of the militia. In July 1612, the Polish king Sigismund III sent the army of Jan Chodkiewicz with food and ammunition to help his garrison in Moscow
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Liberation of Moscow
Meanwhile, the vanguard of the militia arrived in Moscow. Having learned about the approach of the militia, Zarutsky and his Cossacks left for Kolomna. The militia set up a camp on the left bank of the Moscow River, near the Arbat Gate. Khodkevich appeared on August 22. From the Kremlin, emboldened nobles shouted to Pozharsky: “Disband your warriors to the plows!” Polish hussars crossed the Moscow River at the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky attacked them. The fierce battle went on all day. The militia were forced to retreat to the Chertol Gate. But in the evening, hundreds of nobles from the right bank of the Moscow River came to the aid of Pozharsky, who pushed Khodkevich away from Kitay-Gorod. On August 23, 1612, the Poles tried to break into the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye. But Pozharsky figured out their maneuver and sent part of the militia to the right bank of the Moscow River. The enemy was stopped. The battle resumed at dawn on August 24. Pozharsky's horse hundreds entered into battle with the hussars. Khodkevich's army retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. And on August 25, without resuming the battle, it went to Lithuania. After Chodkiewicz left, the Polish garrison in Moscow was doomed. However, the siege continued until October 1612. 1.5 thousand Poles died of hunger. On October 22, the Cossacks took Kitay-Gorod by storm. On October 26, the Kremlin garrison surrendered to the mercy of the victors.
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National Unity Day
In the face of the threat of the death of the state, the population of Russia was able to unite, feel like a single people, and gain the consciousness that only together they can repel the aggressor. The turning point of resistance to the Polish army was October 25 (November 4, new style) 1612. Militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. In 1636, in Moscow, in honor of the miraculous deliverance from the Polish invasion, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected and consecrated. In memory of the events of 1612, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2004 decided to introduce a new public holiday - National Unity Day and declare November 4 a day off.
The methodological development of a classroom scenario on the topic “National Unity Day, November 4” is offered to visitors, and is recommended for implementation in the middle school level. In addition to the script, there is also a fascinating and visual presentation of 44 slides in development.
The material of the educational hour makes it possible to organize it in the form of a civil-patriotic orientation, dedicated to the Day of National Unity on November 4. Basic goals class hours are as follows:
development of feelings of patriotism and citizenship, love for the Motherland;
increasing interest in historical events that took place in the Russian state;
fostering feelings of respect and pride for;
formation of responsibility for the future, for the fate of one’s homeland.
National Unity Day November 4 – brief description of the class hour
From the first minutes of the “National Unity Day” class hour, the teacher reports, accompanied by presentation slides, about the Russian national holiday to which the event is dedicated and announces the performance of the national anthem ( first verse and chorus).
And after listening to an excerpt from the anthem of the Russian Federation, the conversation with class students intensifies on the following issues:
Tell me, what does this holiday call for all citizens of our country?
What do you suppose is the meaning of National Unity Day?
Why do you think our people need unity?
Having introduced students to the topic on the above questions, we move on to reading thematic poems: "Unity Forever", .
History of the celebration of National Unity Day
At the next stage of the class, we introduce the children to the history of the origin of this holiday. This holiday was established in memory of the events that took place in the Russian state on November 4, 1612. It was on this day, more than four hundred years ago, under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky, as well as Kuzma Minin, the people’s militia were able to storm Kitai Gorod, which led to the liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists.
But, the most important thing is that this event demonstrated an example of genuine unity and heroism of the entire people, regardless of religion, position in society, material well-being or origin.
If we consider this holiday from a historical perspective, then it can be associated with the end of the Time of Troubles, which took place in Russia during the late 16th - early 17th centuries. When the Moscow throne began to shake after the death of Ivan the Terrible, and none of his three sons stood at the head of the throne for a long time, Boris Godunov came to power. This is where the period of history began, called the Troubles.
The contribution of Minin and Pozharsky and National Unity Day
Despite the fact that Boris Godunov intended to do a lot of good for his country, the people did not forgive him for the death of Ivan the Terrible’s youngest son, Tsarevich Dmitry, in the midst of famine and crop failure. Here False Dmitry I ascended the throne with the support of the Polish king. However, he did not suit the boyars and Poles, since he did not allow Rus' to be freely ravaged.
Then False Dmitry II ascended the throne, wishing to place the son of the Polish king Vladislav on the Moscow throne. However, the Polish king Sigismund decided to take the Moscow throne himself, making Rus' part of the Kingdom of Poland. Here the patience of the people ran out, and they began to form militias one after another.
Minin and Pozharsky
These militias were headed by Prokopiy Lyapunov, and then by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, to whose militia the merchant Kozma Minin was one of the very first to donate all his property, calling on others to follow his example. And now the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to gather a large army and besiege Moscow occupied by the Poles. Two months later, on November 4, 1612, the so-called Kitai-gorod was taken, and the enemy army surrendered to the victors.
National Unity Day November 4 and Ivan Susanin
Let’s not forget about another feat accomplished in 1613 by Ivan Susanin. He managed to lead a detachment of Polish interventionists into a deep forest, which was going to capture only the elected Russian Tsar, the son of Patriarch Filaret - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. At the cost of his death, Susanin managed to destroy the invaders, leading them to the swamps of a dense forest.
Poems and musical works were composed in honor of Ivan Susanin. During the course, the scriptwriter proposes to organize a dramatization "Ivan Susanin" based on the poem by K. Ryleev
We also remind students that November 4th is also the Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. These two holidays have become identical since 2005, since the celebration in honor of the icon named "Kazan", was established precisely as a sign of gratitude for the liberation of Rus' from the Poles in 1612.
At the end of the class hour, the results are summed up and a quiz is held on the questions, accompanied by presentation slides. A detailed development of the scenario for the class hour, which is called “National Unity Day,” can be downloaded along with the presentation at the beginning of the article. In the player below we recommend viewing the slides of the specified presentation ↓
Parfenova Tatyana Viktorovna
Place of work: MBOU Secondary School No. 39, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Region
Position: primary school teacher
Class hour for National Unity Day.
Goal: to form an idea of the new Russian holiday, its origins and meaning, to develop civic qualities in schoolchildren, to form basic knowledge about the symbols of the Russian state and its history.
Slide 2.
Our country has officially acquired a new holiday in recent years."Day of National Unity" which is now celebratedNovember 4th every year .
Answer:Day of military glory of Russia. Day of good deeds. On this day we provide assistance to the unfortunate and needy, that is, we engage in charity work.
Slide 3.
The national anthem is the official state symbol of Russia . The celebration of any national holiday begins with the sound of the anthem. And we will start the class hour with the Russian anthem.
Slide 4.
There's no arguing with history
Live with history
She unites
For feat and for work.
One state
When the people are united.
When great power
He moves forward.
He defeats the enemy
United in battle,
And Rus' liberates
And sacrifices himself.
For the glory of those heroes
We live by one destiny
Today is Unity Day
We celebrate with you.
Slide 5.
Tell me, what is unity? Why is it needed? Under what conditions does it occur?
Slide 6.
Dew consists of dewdrops,
From droplets of steam - fog,
Sand from the smallest grains of sand,
Russia is made up of Russians.
We have been united in spirit for a long time
And connected by a common fate,
And the banner of unity led
All of us, both for work and for battle.
Slide 7.
The celebration of this day is connected with the events of Russian history back in 1612.
Tell me, what events took place at this time?
Answer: these events were associated with the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders (invaders), with the events of the Time of Troubles.
Slide 8.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Russia was going through a difficult period in its history - the Time of Troubles. What was it? A series of lean years that led to hunger and poverty.
Riots and uprisings began in the country.
Power became fragile: the royal Rurik dynasty was interrupted. For a long time, the royal throne was replaced by one then another. The people, the army, the Cossacks, the boyars grumbled.
Terrible news reached Nizhny Novgorod: the Moscow boyars opened the Kremlin gates to the enemies and recognized the Polish prince Vladislav as king. Detachments of Polish lords scoured the Russian soil, plundering the people. The country was under the threat of foreign enslavement.
Life has come to a standstill in Russian cities. Trade in Nizhny Novgorod has stalled. Carpenters and blacksmiths, tanners and shoemakers lost their jobs.
Slide 9.
The Poles and then the Swedes took advantage of the weakness of Rus'. They began an intervention in Rus'.
Slide 10.
Quite a number of years passed before the Russian people realized that they had to save their land, otherwise it would fall to the enemy.IN Constant meetings began: they discussed how to rise, where to get people and funds. Such questions were addressed primarily to the zemstvo elder Minin, a man of average income and a butcher by trade. Minin developed his plans in detail. Speaking to his fellow countrymen, Minin called on them to free Rus' from enemies: “Orthodox! We will not regret anything, we will sell our yards, we will pawn our wives and children, and we will defend the Faith and the Fatherland!” Every day his influence grew; Nizhny Novgorod residents were carried away by Minin’s proposals and finally decided to form a militia, convene service people and collect money for them. According to the general decision (as they said then, the verdict), the collection of funds (treasury) for the formation of the militia was carried out first in the form of voluntary donations, and then in the form of a mandatory collection. Thus, the creation of the people's armed forces received a solid material basis.
Slide 11.
The prince was chosen as the leader of the militia , who was then being treated for wounds on a Nizhny Novgorod estate and wished that the economic part of the militia be entrusted to Minin. He was involved in collecting funds, recruiting the militia, supplying it with weapons, ammunition, food, and clothing. The leadership carried out comprehensive preparations for the campaign. A political program was developed. It included the liberation of the country from foreign invaders, non-recognition of sovereigns of foreign origin on the Russian throne, and the creation of a new government based on the support of the entire people.
Slide 12.
Minin and Pozharsky managed to unite people of all classes, nations and nationalities of Russia around the holy goal - the salvation of the Motherland. They raised the whole people against foreigners. Russian troops, of course, were superior to the interventionists in moral qualities. Feeling the support of their entire native land, they were determined to “stand near Moscow, suffer for everyone and fight to the death.” On October 22, 1612, the liberation of Moscow began and the invaders (Poles) were expelled.
Slide 13.
And then the glorious day came: the enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors!
Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory
Slide 14.
Slide 15.
In 1649, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God,
November 4 was declared a public holiday for the deliverance of Moscow and all of Russia from the Polish invasion in 1612. This day was celebrated for centuries until 1917.
Slide 16.
Due to the revolution of 1917 and subsequent events, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow from the Polish conquerors was interrupted, and since 2005 it has been restored.
Thus, we can say that National Unity Day is not a new holiday, but a return to the old tradition
Slide 17.
Award to Minin and Pozharskybecame a people's memory. Monuments were erected to them for the edification of their descendants. The first one was erected in Moscow on Red Square in 1818. Fundraising began in 1803, and the work was entrusted to Ivan Martos. The sculptor depicted the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing his hand towards Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an ancient sword and calls on him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on the shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national self-awareness in a difficult hour for the Fatherland.
Slide 18.
Slide 19.
The second monument was installed in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in 1826 according to the sketch of A. I. Melnikov
Slide 20.
A monument to Minin and Pozharsky was unveiled in Nizhny Novgorod work - a reduced (by 5 cm) copy of the Moscow monument. It is installed under the walls , near the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist. According to historians and experts, in It was from the porch of this church that Kuzma Minin called on Nizhny Novgorod residents to gather and equip a people’s militia to defend Moscow from the Poles.
Slide 21.
By turning our memory to our history, we draw spiritual strength from it and understand that our Motherland must be protected and, if necessary, defended.
The victory that the Russian people won at that difficult time is not only a victory over an external enemy, but also over internal weakness and disunity, which almost destroyed the country. This must not happen again!
Slide 22.
On Unity Day we will be close,
We'll be together forever
All nationalities of Russia
In distant villages and cities!
Live, work, build together,
Sowing grain, raising children,
Create, love and argue,
Protect people's peace
To honor our ancestors, to remember their deeds,
Avoid wars and conflicts,
To fill your life with happiness,
To sleep under a peaceful sky!
Slide 23.
Four centuries have flown by
Over our Russia since then,
When swords rang in battle,
And the axes were raised.
Pozharsky and Minin got together
And they saved their native Rus'.
The townsman and the boyar came together
For your great military work.
And this day has not disappeared for centuries,
He lives in human memory.
Russia will not run out of power -
After all, this power is our people!
Slide 24
Take care of Russia - there is no other Russia.
Take care of her peace and quiet,
This is the sky and the sun, this bread is on the table
And a dear little window in a forgotten village...
Take care of Russia, we cannot live without it.
Take care of her so that she can be forever
With our truth and strength,
With all our destiny.
Take care of Russia - there is no other Russia!
Slide 25.
Let's sum it up
What does this holiday call us to? The new holiday is intended to remind us that we Russians, belonging to different social groups, nationalities and religions, are one people with a common historical destiny and a common future.
What is the essence of National Unity Day? Day of National Unity, imbued with the ideas of national harmony, social unity, strengthening of Russian statehood, mutual understanding, mercy, and care for people. National Unity Day is a testament to the unity of people and service to society.
Why do we need unity? In order to build Russia together. When we have trust in each other, when our friendship is strong, we will be able to protect our Motherland from any danger.
What other names does this holiday have? Day of military glory of Russia. Day of good deeds. On this day we provide assistance to the unfortunate and needy, that is, we engage in charity.
National Unity Day
Slides: 9 Words: 317 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The entire Russian land stood up against the Polish invaders and traitors. Prince Pozharsky turned out to be a talented commander. Kozma Minin, not sparing his life, fought under the walls of the capital like a simple warrior. The enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors! After the victory, Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. The Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, November 4, was declared a public holiday. The Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was celebrated for centuries until 1917. The reward for Minin and Pozharsky was people's memory. The monument to Minin and Pozharsky stands on Red Square - in the very heart of Russia. - Unity Day.ppt
Unity holiday
Slides: 38 Words: 1829 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13We live by one destiny, Today is Unity Day We celebrate with you! Since 2005, November 4 is a national holiday, National Unity Day. The initiator of the introduction of the new holiday was the Russian Orthodox Church. Day of National Unity of Russia. November 4 is the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. One of the most revered icons in the Russian Church. The discovery and further history of the icon. In the indicated place, at a depth of about a meter, an icon was actually found. The copy of the Kazan Icon was sent to Moscow to Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible). On the night of June 29, 1904, the icon was stolen from the Bogoroditsky Monastery. - Celebration of Unity.pptx
National unity
Slides: 8 Words: 266 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0National UNITY Day. National Unity Day is a Russian national holiday. Celebrated on November 4th since 2005. Monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod. Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God. According to the labor code. Traditionally, the center of the festive events will be the city of Nizhny Novgorod. The regional government allocated 15 million 200 thousand rubles to organize the holiday. - National Unity.pptx
Holiday National Unity Day
Slides: 13 Words: 809 Sounds: 0 Effects: 54National Unity Day. The homeland is in danger. Kuzma Minin. K.E. Makovsky. Dmitry Pozharsky. Gathering of the militia and its path to Moscow. Campaign of the second militia. Speech from Yaroslavl. Battle for Moscow. Icon of the Kazan Mother of God. Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan. Russia. Unity Day. - Holiday National Unity Day.ppt
November 4 - National Unity Day
Slides: 30 Words: 483 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1National Unity Day. You, Rus', spread wide across the face of the earth in royal beauty. Blessed by prayer. There is a reason for this, Mighty Rus'. They don’t argue with history, they live with history. November 4 is the national holiday “National Unity Day”. November 4 is the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God since 1612. Let's fast forward 400 years ago. Death of Boris Godunov. Time of Troubles. Minin on Nizhny Novgorod Square, calling on people for donations. Kuzma Minin. Dmitry Pozharsky. Minin (right) and Pozharsky. Be that as it may, Minin and Pozharsky nevertheless drove the Poles out of Moscow. - November 4 - National Unity Day.ppt
National holiday National Unity Day
Slides: 28 Words: 710 Sounds: 0 Effects: 7Feeling of patriotism. National Unity Day. Wise Minin. Strict Russian people. Distant frontiers. Clean shirts. A country. The power of the country. Time. Boris Godunov. Ryazan resident Prokopiy Lyapunov. Poles. Call of the Patriarch. Friends and brothers. Voice of the people. Prince Pozharsky. They carried the miraculous Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. Rus' rose from its knees. Militia. Mother of God. The city was burning. Russia. Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. Monument. The monument was erected in Nizhny Novgorod. Holiday. Happy National Unity Day. - National holiday National Unity Day.ppt
National Unity Day in Russia
Slides: 38 Words: 1309 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2National Unity Day. State Duma of the Russian Federation. The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich. Murder of Tsarevich Dmitry. Death of Boris Godunov. The reign of Vasily IV Shuisky. Siege of Moscow by False Dmitry II. Poland declared war on Russia. Boyar Duma. Civil uprising. Zemsky elder K.A. Minin. Organizers of the new militia. Minin's appeal to Nizhny Novgorod residents. Militia. Culture. Battle for Moscow. Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin. Monument to Ivan Susanin. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Icon of the Kazan Mother of God. Temple in honor of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God. Grateful Russia. - National Unity Day in Russia.ppsx
History of National Unity Day
Slides: 39 Words: 1146 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0National Unity Day. From the history of troubled times. At the Zemsky Sobor, a new tsar is elected - Boris Godunov. Boris Godunov. The king had many opponents. Tsar Boris Godunov suddenly died, and False Dmitry was crowned king in Moscow. However, soon the Muscovites, led by the Shuisky boyars, killed the Poles in Moscow. The boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne. False Dmitry 1. Vasily Shuisky. Power passed into the hands of the "Seven Boyars". The country faces the threat of losing its independence! The first militia against the interventionists was led by Lyapunov, but was killed. The militia disintegrated. - History of National Unity Day.ppt
History of the holiday National Unity Day
Slides: 56 Words: 802 Sounds: 3 Effects: 9State. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first militia. Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov. Reconstruction. Tomb of Prince Pozharsky. City of Suzdal. Excerpt from a poem by K. Ryleev. Historical event. Militia. The end of the Time of Troubles. A copy of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Nizhny Novgorod. M.I. Glinka. Life for the king. Royal regalia. Scepter. Words of call. Public Holiday. Dmitry Pozharsky. Monument. Nizhny Novgorod feat. Patriarch Hermogenes. Minin's appeal to Nizhny Novgorod residents. Minin and Pozharsky's militia. City of Yaroslavl. Celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon. -
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